1. Essential reading: SPINČIĆ, A., PRITCHARD, B., An English Textbook For Marine Engineers 2., Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka 2009. LUZER, J., SPINČIĆ, A., Gramatička vježbenica engleskog jezika za pomorce, Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka 2003. Tomislav Skračić, MA Undergraduate English Course for MARINE ENGINEERS 4th Semester

2. Study the following sentences: 1. 1.Sliding followers are avoided in medium speed engines because the running speeds are high. 2. 2.Sliding followers are avoided in medium speed engines because of high running speeds. 3. 3.Sliding followers are avoided in medium speed engines due to high running speed. 4. 4.Sliding followers are avoided in medium speed engines due to the fact (owing to the fact) that the running speeds are high. Lesson 9 – Expressing CAUSE and REASON (Part 2)

3. Study the following sentences: 5. 5.Sliding followers are avoided in medium speed engines owing to high running speeds. 6. 6.Sliding followers are avoided in medium speed engines on the account of high running speeds. 7. 7. The reason why sliding followers are avoided in medium speed engines is that there are high running speeds. Lesson 9 – Expressing CAUSE and REASON (Part 2)

4. Study the following sentences: 8. 8. Since the pressure increased, the relief valve opened. 9. 9. Because of an increase in pressure, the relief valve opened. 10. 10. As a result of the increase in pressure, the relief valve opened. 11. 11.The increase in pressure caused the relief valve to open. 12. 12. The reason why the relief valve opened was that the pressure increased. 13. 13.The pressure increased and the relief valve opened. Lesson 9 – Expressing CAUSE and REASON (Part 2)

5. Example The castings are not so big and heavy. The column and cylinder block may be made in one piece.   Due to (Owing to) the fact that the castings are not so big and heavy, the column and cylinder block may be made in one piece.   As (Since) the castings are not so big and heavy, the column and cylinder block may be made in one piece.   The reason why the column and cylinder block may be made in one piece is that the castings are not so big and heavy.   The column and cylinder block may be made in one piece because the castings are not so big and heavy. Exercise 1 – Connect the following sentences applying the CAUSE-REASON relationship.

6. a) a)The valves did not open. The valve rocker gear was blocked. b) b)The camshaft can be slided axially. In this type of engine a different set of cams is used. c) c)In oil tankers the bunker space is reduced. Fuel oil is stored in double bottom tanks. d) d)Astern running is performed more easily in two-stroke engines than in four-stroke ones. The cycle includes only one rotation of the crankshaft and the camshaft. e) e)The rising and falling characteristics of the cam rotation in two stroke engines are the same. In such cases the cams are made to be symmetrical. Exercise 1 – Connect the following sentences applying the CAUSE-REASON relationship.

7. f) f)The damage to the hull appeared to be serious. The ship was drydocked in the nearest shipyard. g) g)The upper of the liner suffers the graetest wear. At this point the piston ring comes at rest and runs down. h) h)This valve needs reconditioning. The valve seat conatins carbonaceous particles. i) i)The greaser can not talk with you now. He is busy. j) j)Saturday was a holliday. All shops were closed. Exercise 1 – Connect the following sentences applying the CAUSE-REASON relationship.

8. k) k)The fixing studs were loosely tightened. The safety of operations was not guaranteed. l) l)They saw that they could not fight the fire. They left the engine room. m) m)The exhaust valves were not cooled sufficiently. Thermal problems accurred. n) n)The frame structure of the cylinder does not come into contact with water. The danger of corrosion is minimized. Exercise 1 – Connect the following sentences applying the CAUSE-REASON relationship.

9. 1) 1)Čestice gareži koje se nakupljaju u sjedište ventila izazivaju (uzrokuju) ljuštenje. 2) 2)Ispušni ventili moraju imati bolje hlađenje jer rade na višim temperaturama. 3) 3)Najčešći uzroci požara na brodu su zavarivanje i loše održavanje. 4) 4)Budući da su radne brzine kod srednjehodnih motora velike, može doći do pretjeranog zagrijavanja i trošenja elemenata motora. Exercise 2 – Translate into English

10. 5) 5)Hlađenje ispušnih ventila je lakše jer su manji od usisnih. 6) 6)Okretanje bregaste osovine omogućeno je jer se između nje i koljenaste osovine nalazi niz zupčanika ili su spojene lančastim prijenosom. 7) 7)Budući da se redoslijed rada usisnih i ispušnih ventila mora izmijeniti, kod četverotaktnih motora teže je izvršiti prekret. 8) 8)Bregovi bregaste osovine pokreću ventile i pumpu goriva. Zbog toga što su specijalno oblikovani otvaranje i zatvaranje ventila obavlja se lako. Exercise 2 – Translate into English

11. The fuel supply is shut off and the engine will quickly slow down. When turning astern under the action of compressed air, fuel will be admitted. The combustion process will take over and air admission cease. Where manually operated auxiliary blowers are fitted they should be started. Compressed air is admitted to the engine to turn it in the astern direction. The direction handle is positioned astern. Exercise 3 – Put the actions below in the right sequence of operations:

12. 2The fuel supply is shut off and the engine will quickly slow down.5When turning astern under the action of compressed air, fuel will be admitted. The combustion process will take over and air admission cease. 1Where manually operated auxiliary blowers are fitted they should be started. 4Compressed air is admitted to the engine to turn it in the astern direction. 3The direction handle is positioned astern. Exercise 3 – KEY

13. REVERSING Diesel engines intended for the propulsion of ship fitted with neither a controllable pitch propeller nor a ____________ are made in direct reversing form. ____________ involves carrying out the events of the cycle in the reverse order, i.e. altering the ____________ of valves and fuel pumps to cause them to start the engine in the opposite direction and then continue its ____________ in this direction. Exercise 4 – Supply the missing terms: follower, scavenge, gearbox, rotating vane, astern running, spur wheel, timing, tappet rollers, operating cycle, two-stroke engine, rotation, BDC, adjustment, camshaft, rams, retiming, servomotor, torque, rest, relieved, sequence of operation, slide, axially, pneumatic

14. Two-stroke engines It is clear that this is easier to do on a ____________ where one cycle involves one ____________ of the crankshaft and one rotation of the camshaft. In a two- stroke exhaust ported engine, both ____________ and exhaust port timings are symmetrical about ____________ and these will be identical when the engine is reversed. In such engines, only the air start and fuel timings will require ____________. Exercise 4 – Supply the missing terms: follower, scavenge, gearbox, rotating vane, astern running, spur wheel, timing, tappet rollers, operating cycle, two-stroke engine, rotation, BDC, adjustment, camshaft, rams, retiming, servomotor, torque, rest, relieved, sequence of operation, slide, axially, pneumatic

15. Two-stroke engines If both are operated from the engine ____________, their cam profiles may be designed to give the same retiming angle for reversing. ____________ is then carried out by altering the position of the camshaft to the crankshaft of the engine. Exercise 4 – Supply the missing terms: follower, scavenge, gearbox, rotating vane, astern running, spur wheel, timing, tappet rollers, operating cycle, two-stroke engine, rotation, BDC, adjustment, camshaft, rams, retiming, servomotor, torque, rest, relieved, sequence of operation, slide, axially, pneumatic

16. A ____________ may be fitted to the camshaft drive mechanism to do this. The ____________ on the camshaft is not connected rigidly with the latter. The ____________ is transmitted by the reversing servomotor which acts as a dog coupling. During normal operation the coupling is effected mechanically. The pressure oil is conducted either in front of or behind the ____________ according to the desired direction of the rotation. Exercise 4 – Supply the missing terms: follower, scavenge, gearbox, rotating vane, astern running, spur wheel, timing, tappet rollers, operating cycle, two-stroke engine, rotation, BDC, adjustment, camshaft, rams, retiming, servomotor, torque, rest, relieved, sequence of operation, slide, axially, pneumatic

17. During reversing the rotating vane is turned, together with the camshaft, until the vane comes to ____________ against the stop segments again. During the process the other side of the vane is ____________ of the oil pressure through the relief pipe. Exercise 4 – Supply the missing terms: follower, scavenge, gearbox, rotating vane, astern running, spur wheel, timing, tappet rollers, operating cycle, two-stroke engine, rotation, BDC, adjustment, camshaft, rams, retiming, servomotor, torque, rest, relieved, sequence of operation, slide, axially, pneumatic

18. Four-stroke engines With four-stroke engines the altering of the camshaft is a little more complex as the ____________ of inlet and exhaust cams has to be interchanged. The usual method is to ____________ the camshaft ____________ bringing into use a different set of cams for operation in the reverse direction. In some engines a mechanism is incorporated which lifts the ____________ clear of the cams whilst they are moved axially. Exercise 4 – Supply the missing terms: follower, scavenge, gearbox, rotating vane, astern running, spur wheel, timing, tappet rollers, operating cycle, two-stroke engine, rotation, BDC, adjustment, camshaft, rams, retiming, servomotor, torque, rest, relieved, sequence of operation, slide, axially, pneumatic

19. Four-stroke engines In others ahead and astern running cams are interconnected by inclined surfaces, or ramps, on which the ____________ rollers slide during camshaft displacement. Sliding a long camshaft on a multi- cylinder engine requires considerable effort. It is usually carried out by hydraulic or _____________ means or a combination of both. Pneumatic control of hydraulic ____________ is common for moving the camshaft into position. Exercise 4 – Supply the missing terms: follower, scavenge, gearbox, rotating vane, astern running, spur wheel, timing, tappet rollers, operating cycle, two-stroke engine, rotation, BDC, adjustment, camshaft, rams, retiming, servomotor, torque, rest, relieved, sequence of operation, slide, axially, pneumatic