1. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Nick Bloom Micro-heterogeneity & Macro, partial equilibrium

2. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Do micro distributions matter for macro outcomes Probably the greatest unanswered question in macro is how to get a tractable micro-to-macro model. Macro is right now caught between: Non-structural macro models that work empirically (VARs) Structural single-agent models that – if tractable - are not great empirically The challenge is to come up with something that: Has theoretical micro foundations Is simple enough to understand (at least in intuition) Empirically fits the micro and macro data

3. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 The first micro-macro investment and employment models were partial equilibrium Early studies looked at partial equilibrium models, showing: These induce dynamics across time, i.e. Consumption (Bertola and Caballero, 1990, NBER MA) Investment (Bertola and Caballero, 1994, RESTUD) These induce time varying marginal responsiveness to stimulus as we shall see now….

4. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Ricardo Caballero, Eduardo Engel and John Haltiwanger (1995) “Plant-level adjustment and aggregate investment dynamics” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity

5. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Overview Runs a micro-macro estimate of investment behavior The fundamental idea was to: Use establishment-level investment data from the LRD Build a micro-level investment hazard Build a micro cross-sectional distribution Combine these to describe macro outcomes over time An important paper: (i) First to do micro to macro investment with large samples (ii) Well executed (take data seriously, think carefully about empirics…) (iii) Well written

6. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Many cites - the rewards for being first and clear… I

7. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Combining micro hazards and distributions to describe macro investment Aggregate investment Adjustment hazard Distribution of plants Mandated (desired) investment Year (1)

8. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 This is what the hazard (left) and distribution (right peaked plot) look like on average

9. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 An impressive empirical (especially for 1995)

10. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 They argue that these non-convexities and cross- sectional variations matter They approximate the adjustment function with a polynomial

11. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 This polynomial and changing moments of the distribution generates variation in responsiveness

12. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Message is micro-distributions matter Good paper – how could you build on this: Theory/Simulation – Take a General equilibrium approach, as helpful for persuading cross-spectrum of all macro types Modeling – could add in labor market rigidities Identification – ideally would have some great natural experiment during this period (changing 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd … moments), but nothing obvious in US, maybe other countries?

13. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Ricardo Caballero, Eduardo Engel and John Haltiwanger (1997) “Aggregate Employment Dynamics: Building from Microeconomic Evidence” American Economic Review

14. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Overview Paper also estimates the effect of micro-to-macro effects on aggregate employment dynamics Contribution is: Extended investment idea to employment Used a nice measure of desired employment – hours Use a more structural framework and provided other results Good paper, although I personally prefer their Brookings paper which was simpler but with the same excellent intuition

15. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Well cited (but a bit less than their Brookings paper I

16. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Again combine micro hazards and distributions to describe macro outcomes (employment) Aggregate employment change Adjustment hazard Distribution of plants Mandated (desired) employment growth Year

17. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Again find the adjustment rate increasing in the desired change (so implying employment “jumps”)

18. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 And show a time varying response of employment dynamics to aggregate shocks

19. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Message is micro-distributions matter Good paper – how could you build on this – very similar to earlier: Theory/Simulation – Take a General equilibrium approach, as helpful for persuading cross-spectrum of all macro types Modeling – combine labor and capital Identification – ideally would have some great natural experiment during this period (changing 1 st or 2 nd moment), but nothing obvious in US, maybe other countries?

20. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Ricardo Caballero and Eduardo Engel (1999) “Explaining Investment Dynamics in US Manufacturing: A Generalized (S,s) Approach” Econometrica

21. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Overview Paper also estimates the effect of micro-to-macro effects on industry and aggregate investment dynamics Contribution is: Explicit micro-macro empirical structure (no approximations) Uses aggregate industry data to estimate (good because easily available – so new technique) Provides some new technical ideas Great paper (critical reading for my PhD), although very tough to read as it is highly technical

22. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Well cited, with impact more important than this suggests as these readers will be well trained…

23. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Similar set up to last papers except one neat trick is to assume adjustment costs are stochastic Assume adjustment costs drawn from an i.i.d. Gamma distribution Adjustment cost draw Log(Actual/Optimal) capital stock (i..e. log(K/K*)) Adjust (above the line) Do not adjust (below the line)

24. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Again combine micro hazards and distributions to describe industry and macro investment Aggregate (or Industry) investment rate Adjustment hazard Distribution of plants Log (actual/desired) capital Year

25. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 The structural approach allows them to estimate deep adjustment cost parameters

26. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Also show time varying responsiveness, and show a structural mode outperforms simple AR(2) model

27. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Message is can generate structural micro-macro model in a fully structural way with good empirical fit Good paper – how could you build on this – very similar to earlier: Implications – Impressive modelling, now want to find some experiment/shock to push this further (like time varying uncertainty….) Modeling – again combine labor and capital, or in fact R&D, ICT or any other factor, GE or some other worthwhile extension Identification – ideally would have some great natural experiment during this period (changing 1 st or 2 nd moment), but nothing obvious in US, maybe other countries?

28. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Russell Cooper, John Haltiwanger and Laura Power (1999) “Machine replacment and the business cycle: Lumps and bumps” American Economic Review

29. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Overview This paper also estimates the effects of micro-macro aggregation on investment…you can tell this was popular in the late 1990s There are two interesting additional results in this paper:

30. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Investment “spikes” explain a large fraction of investment variation Aggregate investment rate (total) Aggregate investment rate accounted for by spikes (>20%) Percentage of plants with an investment spike

31. Nick Bloom, Macro Topics, Spring 2008 Accounting for micro rigidities matters most around turning points Aggregate investment (solid line) Investment holding cross- section constant (dotted line) Investment holding hazard fixed (long dashed)