1. Introduction to Space Weather Jie Zhang CSI 662 / PHYS 660 Fall, 2009 Copyright © An Overview Jan. 26, 2012

4. http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/weather/2012/01/25/n r-jeras-northern-lights-over-sweden.cnn On the News http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZQ6nvXl8oA

5. "Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems. Our space weather is a consequence of the behavior of the sun, the nature of Earth's magnetic field, and our location in the solar system” ----National Academy of Science, 1997 What is Space Weather?

6. Where are we? We are located about half way from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy 28,000 light years from the center One of ~200 billion stars in our Galaxy

7. The Sun as a star An ordinary main sequence star 5 billion years old And 5 more billion years to go A gas ball emitting mainly visible light

8. The Sun in interstellar space Solar wind creates a big teardrop- shaped heliosphere around the solar system, by interacting with the interstellar wind

9. The Earth in the Solar System The Earth 3 rd planet from the Sun 1 AU = 150 million km Travel time: By light -- 8 minutes By Solar Wind- - ~ 72 hrs or 3 days

10. Terrestrial Weather Sun light sustains life Climate Seasonal changes Day-to-day Weather Terrestrial Weather By Land, Ocean and Atmosphere

11. Space Weather Space Weather Space Weather Storms in space directly driven by the Sun’s activity

12. Space Weather: the Systems

13. Space Weather: the Process It starts from a solar eruption

14. Space Weather: effects Aurora, a nice effect From Space

15. Space Weather: effects An adverse effect Damaged transformer Power failure due to March 1989 storm

16. Space Weather: effects On Human Space Exploration On crew and passengers of polar-route airplanes

17. Space Weather: effects On Satellite Operation

18. Space Weather: effects On Communication and Navigation

19. Planet Sun Heliosphere Magnetosphere Ionosphere Upper Atmosphere Components of Sun-Earth Space Weather: Components

20. Planet Components of Sun-Earth Sun: activity --- the driver Flare

21. Planet Components of Sun-Earth Sun: activity --- the driver

22. Planet Components of Sun-Earth Sun: where energy from? Energy stored and released in magnetic field

23. Planet Components of Sun-Earth Sun: where energy from? Magnetic field generated by solar dynamo, which has 11-year solar cycle Solar Cycle

24. Planet Components of Sun-Earth Sun: where energy from? http://spaceweather.gmu.edu/events/hmi_emergence/

25. Planet Components of Sun-Earth Heliosphere: solar wind Spiral solar wind magnetic field: radial motion of solar wind combined with Sun’s rotation Sprinkler Analogy

26. STEREO/SECCHI H1I

27. STEREO A/B SECCHI

28. Simulation (Credit: Odstrcil) On Satellite Operation

29. Planet Components of Sun-Earth MagnetosphereMagnetosphere A comet- shaped region around the Earth

30. Space Weather: solar wind Solar Wind blows the magnetosphere

31. Planet Components of Sun-Earth MagnetosphereMagnetosphere Electric Currents in Magneto- sphere

32. Planet Components of Sun-Earth MagnetosphereMagnetosphere Energetic particles in Van Allen radiation belt

33. Planet Components of Sun-Earth IonosphereIonosphere Density fluctuation affects radio wave reflection and transmission

34. Planet Components of Sun-Earth Neutral Upper Atmosphere It is coupled with ionosphere

35. Heliophysics Missions Solar Terrestrial Missions Operational Developmental Under Study Ulysses 90 ACRIMSAT 99 Cluster 00 CORONAS-F 01 FAST 96 Geotail 92 GENESIS 01 RHESSI 02 IMAGE 00 Polar 96 SAMPEX 92 SOHO 95 SORCE 03 TRACE 98 WIND 94 ACE 97 Voyager I & II 77 AIM 06 CINDI/CNOFS 04 CORONAS-PHOTON 06 COSMIC 05 EPOP 06 GEC 09 MC/DRACO 12 MMS 09 Radiation Belt Storm Probes 10 Picard 06-07 SDO 07 Solar-B 06 STEREO 05 Solar Orbiter 11 TWINS 04,05 Double Star 03,04 Interhelioprobe 07-08 Iono-Thermosphere Storm Probes 08 SST 05 RESONANCE ? TIMED 01 SENTINELS 12-14 SWARM 09 THEMIS 07 Solar Probe 12-14 Solar Heliospheric Geospace Credit: George Withbroe (2003)

36. Heliophysics Missions (2012) Solar Terrestrial Missions Operational Developmental Under Study BARREL CINDI/CNOFS 08 MMS 14 RBSP 12 SDO 10 Hinode 06 STEREO 06 TWINS A&B 08 Space Environment Testbeds 12 Ulysses 90 Cluster 00 Geotail 92 RHESSI 02 SOHO 95 WIND 94 ACE 97 Voyager I & II 77 TIMED 01 Solar Orbiter THEMIS 07 Solar Probe Plus Solar Heliospheric Geospace Past FAST 96 ISEE 78 IMAGE 00 Equator-S 97 Polar 96 IMP-8 00 SAMPEX 92 SNOE 98 Spartan-201 94 ST5 06 TRACE 98 Yohkoh 91 http://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/missions/ AIM 07 IBEX 08 IRIS 12

37. Theory and Modeling Plasma Physics Magneto- hydrodynamics Electrodynamics Particle Physics Radiation Transfer Chemistry

38. Space Weather Program at GMU Strategy: a system approach to address the integrated Sun-Earth connected system Initiated in 2003 Space Weather Lab formed in Oct. 2006 Faculty –Dr. Ken Dere (Sun) –Dr. Art Poland (Sun) –Dr. Jie Zhang (Sun, Heliosphere) –Dr. Dusan Odstrcil (Heliosphere) –Dr. Bob Weigel (Heliosphere, Magnetosphere) –Dr. Dieter Bilitza (Ionosphere) –Dr. Phil Richards (Ionosphere) –Dr. Bob Meier (Ionosphere and Upper Atmosphere)

39. The End