2. III. Human Societies

3. A. Hunter gatherer societies 1. Nomadic people 2. Gather food naturally or hunt 3. Many lasted into modern times but were out competed 4. Low populations and little impact on the environment 5. Very stable without disturbance

5. B. Agricultural societies 1. About 20 to 10,000 years ago 2. People stopped roaming and divided the work 3. Most important invention was the plow 4. Produced surplus food so some did not need to farm 5. Increased population and damaged environment a. Decreases natural vegetation and formed deserts

7. C. Industrial societies 1. Food is produced by machinery a. Requires a lot of energy and resources 2. Began in 1700’s when steam engine was invented 3. Accompanied by scientific gains that upped crop yield 4. Populations boomed and pollution destroyed the environment

9. IV. History of Human Populations

10. A. Mathematical Increases 1. Malthus described human growth as a geometric increase a. Multiplies as increases b. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16… 2. Problem is food increases arithmetically a. Add the same number each time b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5… 3. We outgrow our supplies

11. B. History 1. Hunter-gatherer populations were low a. Predation, disease, and starvation 2. Agricultural revolution provided more food so populations could increase a. Also it made the living standards better

12. 3. Industrial societies improved on the agriculture even more a. Made work safer and shorter which increased length of life 4. Health care greatly contributed a. Germ theory became accepted so hygiene improved b. Also gave rise to antibiotics and vaccines

14. C.Declines 1. Human populations have shown times of decrease 2. Plagues, cholera, malaria, and smallpox lowered the population a. Black death killed 25% of the world

15. 3. Famines like the Irish potato famine drops local populations a. Fungus killed potatoes 4. During times of war you can see the population drop on graphs a. 17 million people in WWII

16. V. Sustainable Development

17. A. Frontier Ethic 1. Ethics are the rules by which a society is governed 2. Frontier ethic a. Modern industrial society ethic b. Humans are separate from nature

18. 3. 3 rules of frontier ethic a. Resources are unlimited and meant for humans b. Humans do not obey natural laws c. Success is measured by the control of the natural world

20. B. Sustainable yield 1. Meets current needs without hurting future generations 2. Three basic rules a. Resources are limited and not meant for humans b. Humans must obey natural laws c. Success is living in harmony with the natural world 3. Bases uses on what is renewable and what is not