1. ANTIBIOTICS Dr.Tawfeq A. Al-Howiriny Associate Professor talhowiriny@yahoo.com

2. Commercial Production of Antibiotics - 5 ml vial of fungus - We need a fermenter “ container “ made from stain less steel “ 100,000 L “ - Small amount of the fungus and want to culturing !? - The following are needed : oxygen, culture media “ molasses, crushed soybean, minerals, ammonium salts, vitamins, Amino acids …… etc

3. Commercial Production of Antibiotics - The byproducts of the fermentation process are mainly acids PH !? - The maximum growth rate of the fungus is in a neutral PH. So, the byproduct acids are neutralized by caco 3 - Caco 3 increase the PH. WHY ?? - Caco 3 can ’ t increase the PH. WHY ?? - The medium is sterilized by heat and the oxygen is provided by multichannels system “ submerged culture “

4. Commercial Production of Antibiotics - Ferment for 30 days, after that add formaldehyde ?! - Filtering ! WHY ?? - Extraction with a water immiscible solvent like EtOAc, evaporation, crude antibiotic

5. Commercial Production of Antibiotics - Crude antibiotics are used as animal growth promoters ( AGP ) - Presence of pen or TC kills or inhibits the flora, complete absorption of sugar and amino acids, increase body weight - Crude pen G, crystallization, pen G “ pharmaceutical grade “