1. Territorial and Economic Expansion
Unit 5 Ch.12

2. Conflict over Texas Social conflict Revolt and Independence
1829- Mexico outlawed slavery and required all new immigrants to convert to Catholicism
Revolt and Independence
1834- Santa Anna takes charge and abolishes Mexico’s system of gov.
American settlers, led by Sam Houston, revolt
Santa Anna leads an army to stop the rebellion
Kills all defenders of the Alamo in San Antonio
Battle of San Jacinto River- Santa Anna is captured and forced to grant Texas independence

4. Conflict over Texas Annexation denied
President Sam Houston applies for statehood with the U.S. and is denied
Presidents Jackson and Van Buren were under political pressure not to expand slavery
President Tyler tried to annex Texas, but Senate rejected the request.

5. Aroostook War
Boundary dispute between rival lumbermen in Maine and New Brunswick
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) settled the boundary problem here and in Minnesota

7. Boundary Dispute in Oregon
Britain’s claim based on the Hudson Fur Company's trade with Natives
America’s claim based on discovery of the Columbia River, Lewis and Clark expedition, and fur trading post in Astoria
By 1844, many Americans believed it was the country’s manifest destiny to take control of Oregon and the Republic of Texas

8. Election of 1844 Democrats nominated James K. Polk
Committed to expansion and manifest destiny
“Fifty-four Forty or Fight!”
Whigs nominate Henry Clay
Clay attempted to straddle the Texas debate and alienated voters in NY who supported the Liberty party in the election
Polk wins; Democrats view this as a mandate to add Texas

10. Annexing Texas and Dividing Oregon
President Tyler convinced Congress to issue a joint resolution of annexation
Polk decided to settle for the southern half of Oregon instead of fighting for all of it
Border set at the 49th parallel

12. Mexican-American War Diplomatic Problems Immediate Causes
Mexico viewed Texas as still being in rebellion
President Polk sent John Slidell to persuade Mexico to sell the California and New Mexico territories, and settle the Texas dispute
Immediate Causes
Slidell was never received
General Zachary Taylor was ordered to move his army toward the Rio Grande
Mexican army captured and American patrol, killing 11 (Apr. 24,1846)

14. Mexican-American War Military Campaigns Consequences
General Taylor won a major victory at Buena Vista (Feb. 1847)
General Winfield Scott invaded central Mexico and captured Mexico city in Sept. 1847
Consequences
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)
Rio Grande recognized as southern border of Texas
U.S. pays $15 million for California and New Mexico Territories
Wilmot Proviso
An amendment to an appropriations bill to forbid slavery in the new territories, which was defeated in the Senate

17. Manifest Destiny to the South
Ostend Manifesto (1852)
Secret negotiation to purchase Cuba from Spain
Failed when leaked to the press
Walker Expedition
William Walker took over Nicaragua in 1855; was invaded, defeated, and hanged in 1860
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
Great Britain and U.S. agreed to share any canal route in Central America.
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
$10 million purchase of land in present-day New Mexico and Arizona

19. Settlement of the West Fur Trader’s Frontier Overland Trails
Earliest non-native group in the far west
James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, Jedediah Smith
Overland Trails
Oregon, California, and Santa Fe trails
Mining Frontier
; gold in California; gold and silver in Colorado, Nevada, and the Dakotas
Farming Frontier
Movement west was mostly middle class
Urban Frontier
Western cities grew because of the railroads and gold and silver rushes

24. The Expanding Economy Industrial Technology Railroads
New factories produced shoes, sewing machines, clothing, firearms, precision tools, iron products
Elias Howe-sewing machine
Samuel Morse- telegraph
Railroads
Supplanted canals and soon became the largest industry
New railroads were given land grants and tax breaks to speed expansion
Promoted agriculture in the West
Linked the Northeast and Midwest

27. The Expanding Economy Foreign Commerce Panic of 1857
Caused by growth in manufactured goods and agricultural products
Clipper ships and later steam ships sped up travel; now departed on a regular schedule
Demand for whale oil to light homes
Commodore Matthew Perry send to Japan in to encourage trade
Panic of 1857
Drop in prices, especially in farming accompanied by increased unemployment in the North
South largely unaffected as cotton prices remained high