Neural and Hormonal Systems Module 3 Chapter 6 Sec 1, 2 & 3 “…it has been calculated that the number of possible permutations and combinations of brain.

Neural and Hormonal Systems Module 3 Chapter 6 Sec 1, 2 & 3 “…it has been calculated that the number of possible permutations and combinations of brain activity,..exceeds the number of elementary particles in the known universe.” Ramachandran in A Brief Tour Of Human Consciousness Have kids make brain atlas Link to website Based on this information, it has been calculated that the number of possible permutations and combinations of brain activity, in other words the number of brain states, exceeds the number of elementary particles in the known universe. Even though it is common knowledge, it never ceases to amaze me that all the richness of our mental life - all our feelings, our emotions, our thoughts, our ambitions, our love lives, our religious sentiments and even what each of us regards as his or her own intimate private self - is simply the activity of these little specks of jelly in our heads, in our brains. There is nothing else. Given this staggering Ramachandran in A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness 1. A psychotherapist who believes that deviant behavior can be traced either to genetic anomalies or problems in the physical structure of the brain most likely subscribes to which of the following views of abnormality? (AP12) A. Cognitive B. Behavioral C. Biomedical D. Sociological E. Psychoanalytic Module

Module 2

Neuroscience and Behavior Overview
Neural Communication Neurons How Neurons Communicate How Neurotransmitters Influence Us The Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System The Central Nervous System The Endocrine System Module

History of Mind Phrenology
Preview Question 1: Why do psychologists study biology? His theory, though incorrect, nevertheless proposed that different mental abilities were modular. Phrenology vid. dvd In 1800, Franz Gall suggested that bumps of the skull represented mental abilities. Bettman/ Corbis Module

Neural Communication Neurobiologists and other investigators understand that humans and animals operate similarly when processing information. Note the similarities in the above brain regions, which are all engaged in information processing. OBJECTIVE 2| Explain how viewing each person as a biopsychosocial system helps us understand human behavior, and discuss why researchers study other animals in search of clues to human neural processes. Cellular Level (Interconnected Neurons) Organ Level (Brain) System Level (Information Processing) Individual Level (Human Being) Group Level (Family) Ethnic Level (Culture) Community Level (Society) Module

Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons. Preview Question 2: What are neurons, and how do they transmit information? Bernstein says “The fact that all behavior and mental processes are based on biological processes does not meant that they can be fully understood through the study of biological processes alone.” p 59 Glial cells help neurons communicate by directing their growth, keeping the chemical environment stable, providing energy & secreting chemicals to restore damage (Fellin 2004) Glial cells playing a larger role than originally thought. Assignment: sketch a neuron. 34 6. Which of the following is considered the fundamental building block of the nervous system? (AP04) (A) Nucleus (B) Neuron (C) Synapse (D) Neurotransmitter (E) Electrical impulse Active Psych CD 1 Neuroscience – Nerve cell demonstrations Module

Image by Philipp Keller and Misha Ahrens, Janelia Farm (HHMI)
Lighting the Way Image by Philipp Keller and Misha Ahrens, Janelia Farm (HHMI) Scientists at the Janelia Farm Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute have added a gene to the neurons in zebrafish brains that causes them to produce light each time they send a signal. Because zebrafish are transparent, the scientists can watch the sparkling activity of most of the 100,000 neurons in the animal’s brain. The patterns of flashes are giving them new insights into how all brains process information. (Watch video of zebrafish neurons firing in real-time.) Module

The Neuron (Draw me) Key words: Cell body; soma; cell nucleus: Contains DNA, Controls protein manufacturing Round, centrally located structure Directs metabolism No role in neural signaling All neurons have an outer membrane, cell body and mitochondria (Bernstein p61) Interesting facts: Our brains account for 2% of our body weight but use 20% of our oxygen (sokoloff 1981) The DNA in the nucleus of the cell has lost its ability to divide. therefore, when a neuron dies for the most part, the adult brain cannot simply grow new neurons. (Note there are a few exceptions to this rule.) The relative inability to grow new neurons leads to two interesting questions: Q1: How do brain tumors (cancer) occur? A: Unlike neurons, glial cells can divide and grow new cells throughout one's lifetime. Most brain tumors are limited to glial cells, not neurons. Q2: If a person cannot grow new neurons, how does the brain change in order to accommodate new learning? A: One mechanism by which the brain adapts to help you learn new information involves the structure on the next slide: the dendrites. Module

Inputs may number in thousands Interesting facts:
Dendrites Key words: dendrite Inputs may number in thousands Interesting facts: - The word DENDRITE comes from the Greek word for tree. This may serve as a useful analogy in discussing the dendrites for several reasons: 1. The dendrites branch repeatedly from the cell body (to increase the surface area of the cell to better allow the cell to receive incoming information). These radiations from the cell body are often referred to as a dendritic tree. 2. In terms of function, the dendrites function similarly to the roots of a tree. Just as the roots take water and other nutrients from the soil and carry them to other parts of the tree, the dendrites collect information and spread it to other parts of the neuron. Dendrites can form new connections Provides room for more connections to other neurons New connections are basis for learning! Module

Key words: axon; action potentials, Axon-Away from cell body
Axosomatic and axodendritic Interesting facts: - The diameter of an axon may vary from approximately 1mm-20mm. An axon may travel long distances to reach it's destination (longest axon is approximately 3 feet in humans and 10 feet in giraffes). Myelenated about 224 mph (biopsych text 69) 100 meters/sec Unmylenated 1 meter/sec Giant squid 25 meters/second Not all neurons have axons (biopsych 75) Module

Myelin sheath “Practice makes Myelin, Myelin makes perfect.”
Specialized Glial cells Acts as an electrical insulator Not present on all cells Increases the speed of neural signals down the axon. Key words: myelin sheath; action potentials; axon Charge actually moves along outside of the myelin, the signal travels faster. Allows Neuron to conserve energy because Na+ and K+ ions can only enter at the nodes of Ranvier and it requires less energy for Na and K pumps to reestablish resting gradient (biopsych pg 69) Interesting facts: - The myelin sheath is NOT a part of the axon. The myelin sheath is actually formed of glial cells (oligodendricytes and Schwann cells) that wrap around the axon. - You may have often heard the brain referred to as either white matter or gray matter. The myelin sheath appears white in nature. Hence, the term white matter refers to areas of the brain that are myelinated. Gray matter refers to areas of the brain that are unmyelinated. - When you accidentally cut yourself, you often visually notice that you've cut yourself before you actually feel any pain from the cut. The reason for this is that visual information uses myelinated axons; whereas, pain information uses unmyelinated axons. - The loss of myelin is a significant factor in the disease multiple sclerosis (MS). When myelin is lost, the high-speed transmission of information is slowed down or blocked completely, which could lead the person with the inability to walk, write or speak. 3 67. The primary effect of the myelin sheath is to (AP94) (A) Increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon (B) Increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential across the synapse (C) Facilitate the incoming stimulus signals at sensory receptors (D) Reduce the amount of unused neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft (E) Protect the terminal buttons of the neuron from destruction by enzymes All in the Mind Podcast The brain Myelnates from front to back. Quote from Dan Coyle Dan Coyle: Myelin is a sheath, it literally forms an electrical tape-like wrapping around the wires of our brain, our axons, the neurons that form chains in our brain and the myelin is what wraps them. And just like electrical tape wraps any wire it serves to insulate electricity, it makes it move faster down the wire and it prevents it from leaking out into the surrounding tissue. And the magical thing about myelin is that when we practice we get more of it and I talked about this with a neurologist at the National Institute of Health and he referred to myelin as sort of broadband for our brain. Every beautiful skill is actually a circuit that's in our brain. Myelin Sheath Parts of a Neuron link .50 Module

We talk about muscle memory, muscles don't actually have memory, muscles are very dumb they only do exactly what our circuits tell them to do and myelin is how we build fast accurate circuits. All the speed that we see in motion, all the speed of thought that we see, all the beautiful fluency that's created by very fast, very accurate electricity and myelin is the way we make our electricity and move faster and more accurately. The scientist said we have to rewrite the old saying - practice doesn't make perfect, practice makes myelin and myelin makes perfect. There was a great study of pianists and they measured the myelin in their brain before and after several hundred hours of practice and what they found was that the myelin growth was proportional to the hours of practice. So every hour earned them a certain amount of myelin, every hour spent working hard earned them a little more accuracy, a little more speed. Dan Coyle: It actually arrives in a natural wave throughout our childhood from the back of the brain in the front beginning with kind of motor units and moving towards higher functions. So there are these ideal periods which is one of the reasons why you don't see any top soccer players for instance who started playing soccer when they were 15, they don't exist, because when you're younger you're able to myelinate and grow these fast great circuitry that you simply don't have the opportunity to when you're older. Link previous slide .50 Module

How neurons communicate
Neurons communicate by means of an electrical signal called the Action Potential Resting potential -70mv, 70 mv less than outside the neuron (biopsychology p 56) The neuron is polarized. Bernstein says that action potentials may travel toward bodies and dendrites 80. The sequence of shifts in the electrical charge of a neuron is called (AP12) A. neural integration B. refraction C. synaptic transmission D. the action potential E. the differential conduction Module

Sodium Na+, Potassium K+, Chlorine Cl-
Action Potential Neural impulse: When an AP occurs a molecular message is sent to neighboring neurons Sodium Na+ Potassium K+ Chlorine Cl- Voltage gated ion channels (biopsych p66) Refractory period during which the neuron cannot fire 1-2 milliseconds (Biopsycholosy p67) No axon, no action potential Add description from bernstein wave of depolarization Speed from .2 meters/sec to 120 M/Sec. 3 26. Which of the following are most involved in the action potential of a neuron? (AP04) (A) Calcium and sodium (B) Sodium and potassium (C) Potassium and calcium (D) Chloride and calcium (E) Chloride and sodium Sodium Na+, Potassium K+, Chlorine Cl- Module

Threshold Each neuron receives excitatory and inhibitory signals from many neurons. Threshold: When the excitatory signals exceed a minimum intensity the neuron fires an action potential. Each neuron receives excitatory and inhibitory signals from many neurons. When the excitatory signals minus the inhibitory signals exceed a minimum intensity (threshold) the neuron fires an action potential. About -65 mv for many neurons (biopsychology p 62) Threshold: (minimum stimulation) Each neuron receives depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents from many neurons. When the depolarizing current (positive ions) minus the hyperpolarizing current (negative ions) exceed minimum intensity (threshold) the neuron fires an action potential. 3 92. Which of the following occurs when a neuron is stimulated to its threshold? (AP99) (A) The movement of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane creates an action potential. (B) The neuron hyperpolarizes. (C) Neurotransmitters are released from the dendrites. (D) The absolute refractory period of the neuron prevents it from responding. (E) The neuron's equilibrium potential is reached. Module

Action Potential Properties
All-or-None Response: A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it does not affect the action potentials strength or speed. Intensity of an action potential remains the same throughout the length of the axon. Either it fires or it does not Toilet flushing 3 5. Which of the following correctly describes the firing of neurons? (AP94) (A) A protoplasmic transfer of ions (B) A finely graded response (C) An all-or-none response (D) An osmotic process (E) A symbiotic function Module

Synapse Synapse: a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. Preview Question 3: How do nerve cells communicate? Less than 1 millionth of an inch Synapse was coined by Lord Sherrington ( ) who inferred it through behavioral experiments. Cajal ( ) described the synapse based on his anatomical studies of the brain. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft. Active psych 2/3 Neuroscience 1: Transmission across the synapse Active psych CD 1 Neuroscience: Synaptic transmission Module

Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron. thereby influencing it to generate an action potential. Cisternas release vesicles filled with neurotransmitter (Biopsych pg 71) Neurons that use certain neurotransmitters may be concentrated in particular brain regions. (Bernstein) 33. Neurotransmitters are typically stored in which of the following parts of a neuron (AP12) A. The nodes of a Ranvier B. The myelin sheath C. The terminal buttons D. The soma E. The axon Module

Reuptake Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of reuptake. This process applies the brakes on neurotransmitter action. Also broken down by enzymes in the synapse (Biopsych p74) How serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors work Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) ease depression by affecting chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) used to communicate between brain cells. Most antidepressants work by changing the levels of one or more of these naturally occurring brain chemicals. SNRIs block the absorption (reuptake) of the neurotransmitters serotonin (ser-oh-TOE-nin) and norepinephrine (nor-ep-ih-NEF-rin) in the brain. They also affect certain other neurotransmitters. Changing the balance of these chemicals seems to help brain cells send and receive messages, which in turn boosts mood. Medications in this group of antidepressants are sometimes called dual reuptake inhibitors. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors approved to treat depression SNRIs approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat depression, with their generic names followed by brand names in parentheses, include: Duloxetine (Cymbalta) - Venlafaxine (Effexor, Effexor XR) - Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq) As with some other antidepressants, venlafaxine is available in an immediate-release form that requires two or three doses a day and in an extended-release (XR) form that allows you to take it just once a day. Sometimes, SNRIs are used to treat conditions other than depression. Side effects and cautions All SNRIs work in a similar way and generally cause similar side effects. However, each SNRI has a different chemical makeup, so one may affect you differently than does another. Module

Side effects of SNRIs can include:
Nausea (particularly with duloxetine) Dry mouth Dizziness Insomnia Sleepiness Constipation Increased blood pressure (with venlafaxine) Excessive sweating Reduced sexual desire or difficulty reaching orgasm Inability to maintain an erection (erectile dysfunction) Increased heart rate Heart palpitation Difficulty urinating Tremor Headache Agitation or anxiety Changes in appetite Abnormal vision, such as blurred vision or double vision Muscle weakness Brain is a Mystery The six parts of the brain are a mystery -- murder mystery -- with clues hidden all over, some backwards, some misspelt. We have murder spelt backwards (cerebrum) and skeletons in the celler (CEREbeLLum controls skeletal coordination). There's a detective PONdering M.O. (pons, medulla oblonga), poisoned mulleb wine (in cerebellum), and someone will die before long (Diencephalon), probably some dyslexic dim-brain (mid-brain). Furthermore, forensics have discovered "brain stem" is made up of letters from midBRAIN, pons, and Medulla oblonga. As well, C+D+E=F because Cerebrum + Diencephalon = Forebrain. In reality, the 6 parts of the brain are: cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum. The major groups are forebrain (the most visible part), the brain stem (three parts piled atop the spinal cord and within the centre of the brain), and the cerebellum hanging off the back. Module

The body’s Chemical Messengers
A great idea from Jenn! One of the things I do after we have talked and reviewed the material is to have them pick two things they did over the weekend. For example, did they go for a run? If so, which neurotransmitters were involved and how were they involved? I have them do it in writing. I usually only grade one of the events though. I sometimes let them talk one through with a neighbor to see if they are on track and to increase dialogue between students with regards to their personal understandings. You could also create a stack of situations like: Go for a run, eat ice cream, use chop-sticks or a fork, sing Happy Birthday, etc. Then give a situation to groups and they have to present it to the class. That way they all get to debrief each scenario and ask questions. Talk about reinforcement!!! Jennifer King AP Psychology and Psychology Teacher/Instructional Coach Park City High School (435) , ext. 2160 Neurotransmitters Hormones Module

Some Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine Serotonin Norepinephrine Dopamine Endorphins GABA Glutamate 4 or Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all (AP94) (A) Hormones excreted by the endocrine glands (B) Secretions of the exocrine glands (C) Drugs used in the therapeutic treatment of memory disorders (D) Enzymes involved with the degradation of interneuron signals (E) Neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse neurotransmitters of the limbic system are dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin ... remembered as Limb Donors. " S.A.N.D as Pure As Glu " The excitatory neurotransmitters are: •Serotonin •Acetylcholine (ACh) •Nor-adrenaline/ Adrenaline •Dopamine •Purines •Aspartic acid •Glutamic acid The neurotransmitter song Neurotransmitter song Module

Acetylcholine (ACh) Found in neuromuscular junction
Involved in muscle movements My muscles AChe…get it… Neurons plentiful in the midbrain and striatum, also important for limbic system & areas of forebrain involved in memory. Drugs that interfere with Ach interfere with memory. Neurons that use acetylcholine called cholinergenic (Bernstein) Alzheimer's patients have a nearly complete loss of Cholinergic neurons in areas that enhance plasticity. 4 or Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all (AP94) (A) Hormones excreted by the endocrine glands (B) Secretions of the exocrine glands (C) Drugs used in the therapeutic treatment of memory disorders (D) Enzymes involved with the degradation of interneuron signals (E) Neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse Module

Disruption of Ach Functioning
Curare - blocks ACh receptors paralysis results Nerve gases and Black Widow spider venom - too much ACh leads to severe muscle spasms and possible death Black widow venom floods synapses with Ach– muscles, contractions, convulsions and possibly death Deterioration of memory, reasoning and language skills Symptoms may be due to loss of ACh neurons Cigarettes - nicotine works on ACh receptors can artificially stimulate skeletal muscles, leading to slight, trembling movements Module

Alzheimer’s Disease Deterioration of memory, reasoning, and language skills Symptoms may be due to loss of ACh neurons A=A 4 91. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most directly associated with Alzheimer’s disease? (AP04) (A) Dopamine (B) Serotonin (C) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (D) Acetylcholine (ACh) (E) Glutamate Alzheimers = Acetylcholine Module 25

Serotonin is involved with mood regulation.
Prozac works by keeping serotonin in the synapse longer, giving it more time to exert an effect (blocking reuptake) Preview Question 4: How do neurotransmitters influence human behavior? Involved in sleep Involved in depression/mood Suicide victims have consistently lower serotonin metabolites (Bach-Mizrachi 2006) Prozac & other anti depressants raise serotonin Prozac works by keeping serotonin in the synapse longer, giving it more time to exert an effect Mood, Hunger, sleep, arousal,…undersupply linked to depression Carbs increase serotonin (Bernstein) Malfunctions in serotonin feedback may be responsible to for some kinds of obesity, pms & depression (Lira 2003) 4 or 42? 74. Prozac functions as an antidepressant medication because it (AP04) (A) Enhances production of acetylcholine (B) Blocks the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin (C) Causes select memory loss for depression producing events (D) Produces a steady, mild state of euphoria (E) Inhibits frontal lobe activity related to depression Lsd and seratonin at nat geo Seratonin out of balance in mice makes them anxious 14 Quirk, Hanna Holmes, one strain has no serotonin but is healthy LSD and Seratonin at Nat Geo 2:21 Module

Dopamine Important for movement, rewards & pleasure.
Involved with diseases such as schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. Learning, movement, attention and emotion Dopamine imbalance also involved in schizophrenia Schizophrenia treatments chlorpromazine & Reserpine (Biopsych 142& 143)…reserpine blocks release of monoamine neurotransmitters. Loss of dopamine- producing neurons is cause of Parkinson’s Disease, (exposure to pesticides 70% increase Parkinson's (Ascherio 2006) Results from loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra Symptoms include: difficulty starting and stopping voluntary movements, tremors at rest, stooped posture, rigidity, poor balance Treatments: L-dopa – increases dopamine levels by deactivating enzymes that break down dopamine (Biopsychology p145), transplants of fetal dopamine-producing substantia nigra cells, adrenal gland transplants, electrical stimulation of the thalamus to stop tremors Link dopamine flood at Nat Geo 3:44 Module

Mechanisms for agonists biopsychology 145
4 or Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all (AP94) (A) Hormones excreted by the endocrine glands (B) Secretions of the exocrine glands (C) Drugs used in the therapeutic treatment of memory disorders (D) Enzymes involved with the degradation of interneuron signals (E) Neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse Mechanisms for agonists biopsychology 145 Excessive dopamine in basal ganglia lead to disorders known as choreas, uncontrollable movements. Vilayanur S. Ramachandran The Tell Tale Brain pg. 19 Dopamine flood on coke at nat geo Module

Norepinephrine Arousal “Fight or flight” response Wakefulness, sleep
Learning Mood regulation Undersupply can depress mood Closely related to adrenaline Half of Norepenepherine contained in locus coeruleus near the reticular formation. Module

Endorphins Control pain and pleasure Released in response to pain
Morphine and codeine work on endorphin receptors Runner’s High… Or End pain.. Involved in healing effects of acupuncture Runner’s high - feeling of pleasure after a long run is due to heavy endorphin release Similar to morphine, naturally occurring opiates in the brain Discovered Scientists made radioactive morphine It bound to receptors associated with no known neurotransmitters. Since the brain probably did not “evolve” receptors for morphine it was reasoned that there must be a brain substances that activated these receptors Endorphins – any receptor that can bind to the same receptors stimulated by opiates 4 10. Painkilling substances produced by the brain are known as (AP94) (A) cortisols (B) Endorphins (C) glucocorticoids (D) Pheromones (E) Hormones Ugh,….very dry vid… AM Mind 5 Endorphins: The Brain's Natural Morphine Provides diagrammatic action graphics of neural networks, synaptic junctions, and neurotransmitter sites. Also touches on topics of consciousness, drug addiction, withdrawal symptoms, and nerve functioning. Module

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
Main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS when you sleep Benzodiazepines (which include tranquilizers such as Valium) and alcohol work on GABA receptor complexes Huntington's disease involves loss of neurons in striatum that utilize GABA Symptoms: jerky involuntary movements mental deterioration GABA inhibits dopamine-Without GABA dopamine runs wild, impairs motor and cognitive functions Malfunctions n GABA system can contribute to severe anxiety Drugs that block GABA produce seizures, and may contribute to epilepsy Module

Glutamate Major excitatory neurotransmitter
Too much glutamate (and too little GABA) associated with epileptic seizures Involved w/memory Glutes are exciting… Helps strengthen synaptic connections (Bredt 2003) Over activity can cause neurons to die, glutamate can excite neurons to death (Colak 2003) Module

Lock & Key Mechanism Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism. Module

Agonists Opiates Black widow venom floods synapses w/Ach – muscles, contractions, convulsions and possibly death See Biopsychology 145 for mechanisms Module

Antagonists Botulism blocks ACH (blocks release)
Curare blocks Ach, paralyzation (used by south American Indians on arrows) Dome drugs unable to cross blood brain barrier See Biopsychology 145 for mechanisms Module

The Nervous System Nervous System: Consists of all the nerve cells. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system. Central Nervous System (CNS): the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. Preview Question 5: What are the major divisions of the nervous system, and what are their basic functions? Image on the next slide Module

Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System
Preview Question 5: What are the major divisions of the nervous system, and what are their basic functions? Vision, hearing, taste and smell nerves are cranial, not spinal Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Module

The Nerves Nerves consist of neural “cables” containing many axons. They are part of the peripheral nervous system and connect muscles, glands, and sense organs to the central nervous system. Module

The Nervous System Consists of all the nerve cells. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system. Preview Question 5: What are the major divisions of the nervous system, and what are their basic functions? Image on the next slide Parasympathetic/sympathetic - You calm down once your PARAchute opens Urinate? Somatic Nervous System: The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Autonomic Nervous System: Part of the PNS that controls the glands and other muscles. 84. Which of the following correctly pairs subdivisions within the major divisions of the human nervous system? (AP13) (A) Somatic . . endocrine and exocrine (B) Central . . somatic and sympathetic (C) Autonomic . . sympathetic and parasympathetic (D) Sympathetic . . parasympathetic and autonomic (E) Peripheral . . central nervous system and the spinal cord Module

Interneurons connect the two neurons.
Kinds of Neurons Sensory Neurons carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS. Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect the two neurons. Key words: Types of neurons; sensory neurons; motor neurons; interneurons; afferent nerves; efferent nerves Afferent/Efferent Neurons - Efferent require effort because they are motor neurons SAME (Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent) Neurons classified by number of processes extending from the cell body (Biopsychology p 32) Interneurons carry information between other neurons. Only found in the brain and spinal cord. Need a slide for this 29. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of evens set in motion by an environmental stimulus? (AP12) A. Receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors B. Receptors, efferent neurons, interneurons, afferent neurons, effectors C. Interneurons, effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons D. Effectors, interneurons, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons E. Effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons, interneurons. Module

Central Nervous System
The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Simple spinal reflex, single sensory neuron & single motor neuron Knee jerk response Simple Reflex Module

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic Nervous System: The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Autonomic Nervous System: Part of the PNS that controls the glands and other muscles. Module

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. Parasympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy. Sympathetic NS “Arouses” (fight-or-flight) Parasympathetic NS “Calms” (rest and digest) 3 21. Activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system results in (AP94) (A) An increase in salivation (B) An increase in digestion (C) An increase in respiratory rate (D) A decrease in heart rate (E) A decrease in pupil dilation 3 86. The role of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is to (AP99) (A) Facilitate the body's fight-or-flight response (B) Prepare the body to cope with stress (C) Promote rapid cognitive processing (D) Prompt the body to use its resources in responding to environmental stimuli (E) Establish homeostasis after a fight-or-flight response 73. Which part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear? (AP12) A. Parasympathetic B. Sympathetic C. Neostriatum D. Somatic E. Cortical Module

Central Nervous System
The Brain and Neural Networks Interconnected neurons form networks in the brain. Theses networks are complex and modify with growth and experience. Could it become conscious? Would turning it off kill it? Every cell not connected to very other….brain would be too big. Project: implications of a conscious computer. Could it be a computer “of faith” -What if no silicon-consciousnesses chose your faith -or all decided to be atheists Could it get a brain disorder, what if your camera hallucinated… Could it be a racist. Would making it do things be a kind of slavery? Heroin ap…addiction Schizophrenic, depressed, sexual harassment. Complex Neural Network Module

The Endocrine System Preview Question 6: How does the endocrine system-the body’s slower information system-transmit information? Neurons release neurotransmitters directly into the blood. (Biopsychology p77) 18. Which of the following systems produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body? (AP12) A. Circulatory system B Endocrine system C. Limbic system D. Sympathetic nervous system E. Parasympathetic nervous system 67. Most glands in the human body are a part of which system? (AP13) (A) Circulatory (B) Skeletal (C) Respiratory (D) Renal (E) Endocrine Endocrine System: Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a variety of glands. Module

Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters
Distance traveled between release and target sites Speed of communication Body’s snail mail Distance hormones travel longer distances neurotransmitters - travel across a synaptic cleft (20 nm) Speed hormones - slower communication neurotransmitters - rapid, specific action Module

Hormones Hormones are chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the bloodstream. Hormones affect the brain and many other tissues of the body. Add hormones and sex info…I made this note but forgot what to add. For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and feelings of excitement during emergency situations. Module

Pituitary Gland Is called the “master gland.” The anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe regulates water and salt balance. Hypothalamus releases hormones or releasing factors which in turn cause pituitary gland to release its hormones – Controls the pituitary Also produces growth hormones Too little pituitary activity produces dwarfism Too much leads to gigantism Module

The effects of the pituitary are clearly shown here
The effects of the pituitary are clearly shown here. Entertainer David Frost stands between the world’s tallest and smallest man. The tallest man in history was 8 feet 11 inches tall. He died at the age of 22, partly as a result of this defect. The shortest known person was 23 inches tall when she died at the age of 19. Today’s medicines can handle most of these problems if caught earlier enough, but these cases show what happen if the pituitary gland goes awry. Module

Gigantism at National Geographic 44:55
Tallest man Smallest man Tallest woman Gigantism at National Geographic 44:55 Module

Adrenal Glands Adrenal glands secrete adrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations, and regulate salt and carbohydrate metabolism. Involved in stress response Adrenal glands produce hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, steroids, cortisol, and cortisone, and chemicals such as adrenalin (epinephrine), norepinephrine, and dopamine. When the glands produce more or less hormones than required by the body, disease conditions may occur. Indians and salt… Module

Endocrine Glands Thyroid gland – metabolism, calcium
Ovaries and testes - secrete sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen Regulate metabolic and calcium rate. Sex glands are located in different places in men and women. They regulate bodily development and maintain reproductive organs in adults. Girls with higher exposure to prenatal testosterone more likely to draw cars, boats and airplanes (Iijima 2001) Anecdote about boys, girls, chase and a Harley. Module

EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers
Interesting from Quirk, Hanna Holmes It can cost $100,00 to produce a mouse strain and $144 per year, per mouse to house them. A mouse breed called madcap mouse has ADHD, put in a new mouse condo normal mice are done exploring in about 30 min. madcap is still going after 6 hours, they have 5x more dopamine than regular mice. A normal mouse can learn a maze in about 2.5 min. madcap cannot learn in 5. PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2008 Module 3 garber edits Module

Neural and Hormonal Systems Module 3 Chapter 6 Sec 1, 2 & 3 “…it has been calculated that the number of possible permutations and combinations of brain.

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Neural and Hormonal Systems Module 3 Chapter 6 Sec 1, 2 & 3 “…it has been calculated that the number of possible permutations and combinations of brain."— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Neural and Hormonal Systems Module 3 Chapter 6 Sec 1, 2 & 3 “…it has been calculated that the number of possible permutations and combinations of brain.

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Neural and Hormonal Systems Module 3 Chapter 6 Sec 1, 2 & 3 “…it has been calculated that the number of possible permutations and combinations of brain."— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback