1. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 1 Systems Development

2. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 2 Principles and Learning Objectives Effective systems development requires a team effort of stakeholders, users, managers, systems development specialists, and various support personnel, and it starts with careful planning.

3. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 3 Principles and Learning Objectives Systems development often uses different approaches and tools such as traditional development, prototyping, rapid application development, end-user development, computer-aided software engineering, and object- oriented development to select, implement, and monitor projects.

4. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 4 Principles and Learning Objectives Systems development starts with investigation and analysis of existing systems.

5. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 5 Principles and Learning Objectives Designing new systems or modifying existing ones should always be aimed at helping an organization achieve its goals.

6. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 6 Principles and Learning Objectives Maintenance and review add to the useful life of a system but can consume large amounts of resources, so they benefit from the same rigorous methods and project management techniques applied to systems development.

7. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 7 An Overview of Systems Development

8. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 8 Top Uses for New Systems in Various Industries

9. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 9 Participants in Systems Development

10. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 10 Information Systems Planning

11. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 11 Systems Development Life Cycles and Approaches

12. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 12 The Traditional SDLC

13. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 13 Prototyping is an Iterative Approach to Systems Development

14. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 14 Rapid Application Development (RAD) Employs tools, techniques, and methodologies designed to speed application development. Joint Application Development (JAD) - RAD makes extensive use of this for data collection and requirements analysis.

15. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 15 Advantages and Disadvantages of RAD

16. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 16 Use of Project Management Tools Project schedule Project milestone Project deadline Critical path Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) Gantt chart

17. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 17 Gantt Chart

18. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 18 Selected Project Management Software

19. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 19 Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools Automate many of the tasks required in a systems development effort and enforce adherence to the SDLC, thus instilling a high degree of rigor and standardization to the entire systems development process Upper-CASE tools - CASE packages that focus on activities associated with the early stages of systems development. Lower-CASE tools - focus on the later stages of systems development and are capable of automatically generating structured program code. Integrated-CASE tools - provide links between upper- and lower-CASE packages.

20. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 20 Object-Oriented Systems Development Identify potential problems and opportunities within the organization that would be appropriate for the OO approach Define the kind of system users require Design the system Program or modify modules Evaluation by users Periodic review and modification

21. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 21 Use Case Diagram for a Kayak Rental Application

22. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 22 Systems Development Maturity Based on the Capability Maturity Model (CMM)

23. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 23 Systems Investigation

24. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 24 Systems Investigation Attempts to answer the following questions: –What primary problems might a new or enhanced system solve? –What opportunities might a new or enhanced system provide? –What new hardware, software, databases, or procedures will improve an existing system? –What are the potential costs (variable and fixed)? –What are the associated risks?

25. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 25 Feasibility Analysis

26. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 26 Systems Investigation Report

27. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 27 Systems Analysis

28. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 28 Systems Analysis Data collection - seeks additional information about the problems Data Analysis - manipulates collected data so that it is usable for the development team

29. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 29 Internal and External Sources of Data

30. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 30 The Steps in Data Collection

31. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 31 Data and Activity Modeling

32. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 32 Requirements Analysis Asking directly Determining critical success factors (CSFs) Developing the IS plan

33. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 33 The Systems Analysis Report The report should cover the following: –The strengths and weaknesses of the existing system from a stakeholder’s perspective –The user/stakeholder requirements for the new system (also called the functional requirements) –The organizational requirements for the new system –A description of what the new information system should do to solve the problem

34. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 34 Converting Organizational Goals into Systems Requirements

35. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 35 A Typical Table of Contents for a Report on an Existing System

36. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 36 Systems Design

37. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 37 Systems Design Logical design - involves planning the purpose of each system element. Physical design - refers to how the tasks are accomplished, including how the components work together and what each component does.

38. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 38 Request for Proposal One of the most important documents generated during systems development. Results in a formal bid that is used to determine who gets a contract for new or modified systems. Specifies in detail required resources.

39. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 39 A Typical Table of Contents for a Request for Proposal

40. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 40 Advantages and Disadvantages of Acquisition Options

41. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 41 Freezing Design Specifications

42. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 42 A Typical Table of Contents for a Systems Design Report

43. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 43 Systems Implementation

44. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 44 Typical Steps in Systems Implementation

45. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 45 Types of Testing

46. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 46 Start-up Approaches

47. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 47 Systems Maintenance and Review

48. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 48 Systems Maintenance Reasons for program maintenance include: –Changes in business processes –New requests from stakeholders, users, and managers –Bugs or errors in the program –Technical and hardware problems –Corporate mergers and acquisitions –Government regulations –Change in the operating system or hardware on which the application runs –Unexpected events, like the terrorist attacks of September

49. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 49 Examples of Review Types

50. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 50 Summary Systems development team - consists of stakeholders, users, managers, systems development specialists, and various support personnel. Five phases of the traditional SDLC - investigation, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance and review. Systems investigation - designed to assess the feasibility of implementing solutions for business problems.

51. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 51 Summary Systems analysis - the examination of existing systems, which begins once approval for further study is received from management. Systems design – purpose is to prepare the detailed design needs for a new system or make modifications to an existing one. Systems implementation - to install a system and make everything, including users, ready for its operation. Systems maintenance - involves checking, changing, and enhancing the system to make it more useful in obtaining user and organizational goals.