2. Native Americans -Land Bridge last Ice Age -Hunting and Gathering -Agriculture develops -Ancient civilizations -adapted to their environments -close relationship to the land communal ownership No concept of “private property (would fight over hunting rights) -belief in universal spirit -Tribal communities

3. Native Americans - Land Bridge last Ice Age -Hunting and Gathering -Agriculture develops -Ancient civilizations -adapted to their environments -close relationship to the land communal ownership -belief in universal spirit Connection between spiritual forces and natural world (clouds, wind, plants, animals -Tribal communities

4. Africa -Western Africa Prospering Empires -based on trade across the Sahara (they taxed gold and salt trades) -African civilizations -Songhai- Timbuktu (trade center) -Benin-ivory, pepper -Kongo- Spread Chrisitianity and source of slaves for Portugal -different type of slavery (POW- ransomed or absorbed, traded for horses, cotton to Sugarcane farmers)

5. Europeans -Crusades Holy Wars- Jerusalem (Muslim vs Christians) Spurred trade (spices, sugar, silk) -Renaissance 1350-1600 Increased learning in arts and science Astrolabe, compass, sailing improvements -Reformation (Protestant) Luther- Ninety-five Theses- problems with corrupt church Now 40% or 800 million Christians are Protestant -commerce grows- trade network -nationalism begins- pride leads to competition

6. Explorers -Renaissance -Exploration Portugal Vasco Da Gama Linked Europe to India around S. Africa Colombus 1492 San Salvador Amerigo Vespucci This is not asia Vasco Balboa 1 st to see the Pacific (in Panama) Ferdinand Magellan Around S. America thus around the world Conquistadors Conquered territory, opened trade routes

7. Impact of Contact -Colombus ’ impression “Indians” the Indies? -They will make good slaves -I can conquer the whole lot of them with just 50 men -colonization by force -effects of disease Smallpox- combines with war and slavery to kill 90% of indigenous peoples -importation of Africans “middle passage” -Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal Line of demarcation- Spain to West, Portugal to the East

8. Impact of Contact -Colombus ’ impression -colonization by force -effects of disease -importation of Africans -Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal

9. Impact of Contact -Colombus ’ impression -colonization by force -effects of disease -importation of Africans -Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal

10. Colombian Exchange -transfer of goods between societies -Americas sent corn, potatoes, squash, tomatoes, peanuts, tobacco -Europe sent horses, cows, pigs, and technology What did Africa send?