1. Egypt

2. Geography of Egypt The Gift of the Nile= Egypt Yearly, regular flooding brought water and rich soil that allowed settlements to grow Wheat and barley Dug irrigation ditches Cycle: flood, plant, harvest

3. Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt Lower part- last 750 miles near the Mediterranean Cataract- churning rapids that blocked further passage Nile provided a reliable system of transportation between upper and lower Egypt Nile flows north; then sails used for travel south Easy transport allowed for unity among Egypt’s villages and promoted trade

4. Challenges to the Environment Nile flooded regularly but they couldn’t predict the amount of flooding so it could be too little or too much at times Deserts on either side of the Nile acted as natural barriers and protected Egypt from invaders and attacks but also forced Egyptians to stay close to the Nile, thus interacting with others much less

5. Movement of Goods and Ideas By 3200 BCE Egyptians were coming into contact with Mesopotamians By 2000 BCE Egyptian traders were going up the Nile in search of gold, ivory, cattle, and granite Early on Egypt probably borrowed ideas from Mesopotamia but then developed independently and blended the cultures of the Nile Valley peoples with others who migrated there from Africa and the Fertile crescent. This meant that there was always a lot of diversity in Egypt

6. Left Page Assignment Compare the geography of Mesopotamia with that of Egypt. What is similar? What is different? Think about the challenges they had geographically, the solutions they came up with, and how geography influenced their political structure (type of government, attacks, expansion, etc)

7. Egypt Unites into a Kingdom 5000 BCE Egyptians lived in villages, each with its own rituals and gods and chieftans By 3200 BCE villages under the rule of two separate kingdoms, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt About 3100 BCE king of Upper Egypt, Menes, united all of Egypt Established a capital called Memphis where Upper and Lower Egypt met Established the first Egyptian dynasty Third dynasty is where records improve. Historians call this the Old Kingdom. 2660-2180 BCE This sets the stage for Egypt’s great civilizations

8. Pharaohs Rule as Gods Role of king different between Mesopotamia and Egypt In Egypt kings were gods, not just representatives of god They were called Pharaohs Pharaohs were at the center of the religion and government and army = theocracy Pharaohs had full responsibility for the wellbeing of the kingdom

9. Old Kingdom of Egypt 2686 to 2181 B.C.E United under King Menes Included the 3rd to the 6th dynasties Capitol was Memphis “Age of Pyramids” Egyptians believed that the king ruled even after his death He had an internal spirit- ka- which took part in governance Pharaohs Buried in Pyramids Pharaoh viewed as an inaccessible god-king who rules absolutely over his people

11. Middle Kingdom of Egypt 2055 to 1650 B.C.E. United under King Mentuhotep Included the 11th to the 12th dynasty Capitol was Thebes "Golden Age". Stability. Property boundaries. Territorial expansion Pharaohs Buried in hidden tombs Pharaoh viewed as the “shepherd of his people” with the task to build public works and produce for the welfare. 1640 BCE Hyksos (Asian nomads) swept in on chariots and ruled Egypt from 1640-1570 BCE. This is called the Second Intermediate period

12. New Kingdom of Egypt 1550-1070 BC United under Pharaoh Ahmose I Included the 18th to the 20th dynasty Capitol was Thebes "Imperial Age". New Empire. Expansion period. Military conquest. Peak of power Pharaohs Buried in the Valley of the Kings Pharaoh viewed not only as a leader and ruler of an empire, but also as an important figure in religion and religious practice

13. Religion and Culture in Egypt Belief in the afterlife Osiris, the powerful god of the dead, would judge each dead person’s heart based on weight Heavy ones had a lot of sin Light ones were pure and would be granted life in the beautiful Other World Egyptians spent a lot of time planning their burials Preserved the dead bodies by mummification- embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying Attendants placed the mummy in a coffin inside a tomb. Then they filled the tomb with things they would need in the afterlife. Book of the Dead- collection of texts that contained declarations intended to prove the soul was worthy of eternal life

14. Life in Egyptian Society Social pyramid: king and queen, upper class I landowners, gov. officials, priests, army commanders, middle class (merchants, artisans), lower class (peasants and unskilled laborers) Slavery became widespread source of labor (usually these were captives from foreign wars) Not locked in social classes Women held many of the same rights as men Own and trade property Get married and divorced

15. Egyptian Writing: Hieroglyphics Pictographs and then hieroglyphics from the Greek “sacred carving” First written on stone and clay, then papyrus (another gift of the Nile)

16. Science and Technology System of written numbers for counting, adding, subtracting to collect taxes, geometry to survey and resent property boundaries after the annual floods First to use stone columns in homes, places, and temples Calendar to keep track of planting season, 365 days, 12 months, 30 days with five holidays Medicine- check heart rate with a pulse, set splints for broken bones, surgery