1. REACTION VERSUS PROGRESS CHAPTER 11

2. INTRODUCTION  Reaction: European conservatism opposed to the French Revolution and its social, political, and cultural consequences.  Progress: industrial development and its social, political, and cultural consequences.

3. INTRODUCTION Two Revolutions French Revolution Primarily political Primarily continental Industrial Revolution Primarily economic Primarily in England

4. INTRODUCTION  Capitalism and Industrialism: Who owns the property?  Western Europe  ownership of property = liberty, independence  culture promoted an “entrepreneurial spirit”  Europe becomes the most powerful part of the world through the melding of capitalism, industrialism and the “liberal and modernizing” principles of the French Revolution

5. INTRODUCTION - Others  the state had to take the initiative in industrialization  tended to be playing “catch-up” with Western Europe and in a sense still are

6. DIKE AND FLOOD: DOMESTIC (11.54)  A cycle of discontent and reaction characterized by agitation by secret societies and counterrevolutionary response  France  violent response to Napoleon’s return (1815)  control of Chamber of Deputies by wealthy landowners  Charles X (1824) more reactionary than Louis XVIII

7. DIKE AND FLOOD: DOMESTIC (11.54)  Poland (Congress Poland)  Though governed by a liberal constitution with Alexander as king, Poles were nationalistic.  Alexander clamps down.  Germany  the Burschenschaft movement  Metternich’s response: The Carlsbad Decrees (1819): censorship, controls on universities

8. DIKE AND FLOOD: DOMESTIC (11.54)  Great Britain  Parliament controlled by squirearchy  New cities were underrepresented  depression  Corn Law (1815)  protest and reaction (Six Acts 1819)

9. DIKE AND FLOOD: INTERNATIONAL 11.55  The congress system started as a “Holy Alliance” (Great Britain, France, Prussia, Austria, Russia) against revolutionary agitation  Great Britain and France backed off when the congresses called for international cooperation.

10. DIKE AND FLOOD: INTERNATIONAL 11.55  Basically each country pursued it’s national aims  The immediate problems dealt with were revolutions in Spain, Naples, Romania, and Latin America

11. DIKE AND FLOOD: INTERNATIONAL 11.55  The three Congresses  Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)  Troppau (1820)  Verona (1822

12. THE DECEMBRIST REVOLT  Death of Alexander I (1825) leads to a revolt of Russian officers  Based the new ideology in Europe  Put down by new czar Nicholas I.  Signs of things to come in Russia