1. Introductio ns to Research Methods Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul Faculty of Economics Chulalongkorn University

2. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 2 Purposes to develop competence and confidence in doing research to guide trainees to develop a research proposal to put pressure on students to start their MSc thesis/individual study papers

3. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 3 Tasks of a Trainee to take initiative and present to the supervisor to respond to questions, challenges and requests to explore alternatives for working effectively to plan and execute the research project within the prescribed time period

4. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 4 Tasks of a Supervisor to direct/guide/push to refine/focus ideas to challenge/correct to encourage/value to discuss/interact to evaluate/judge

5. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 5 Types of Research Basic Research –expand knowledge base Applied Research –to evaluate –to predict (forecast) –to make decision (design/fund/imple ment)

6. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 6 Common Problems selecting a research topic writing proposal gathering information analyzing literature working with supervisor managing time writing/presenting the report

7. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 7 Doing Research Starting Research Managing Research Reporting Research

8. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 8 Starting Research clarifying research problems formulating research questions establishing research objectives outlining research methods conducting literature review drafting a concept proposal

9. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 9 Area of Interest Research Topic Research Objectives Research Questions

10. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 10 Area of Interest Examples –Competition in Carbon Trading –Economics of Flood Control –Compliance of Environmental Laws Researchers’ Discipline and Background Knowledge Position of Institution Funding agencies

11. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 11 Research Topic (1) unsolved problems, e.g., –Right on natural resources –Energy- environment trade- offs –Local Tax, Local Public Goods/Bads –Participation of the private sector in Environment Management

12. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 12 Research Topic (2) personal aspirations, e.g., –Mass Transportation Financing –Traffic Restriction Zone –Feed-in Tariff for Electricity from Renewable Energy –Cost-effectiveness of Waste-To- Energy (WTE) in waste management

13. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 13 Statement of Problem Description of research topic Background information Evidence/prior research high priority magnitude of the impact

14. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 14 Research Objectives (1) What is to be achieved through research? provide basis for detailed design of the research allow evaluation of the research provide criteria to measure the outcomes

15. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 15 Research Objectives (2) General Objectives (only one or two) –to study the efficiency of carbon trading markets –to study the role of Thailand in the market

16. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 16 Research Objectives (3) Specific Objectives –to derive the cost function of a Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) –to determine the factors affecting demand for CERs –to compare unit cost of Thailand and other countries for CERs

17. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 17 Research Questions (1) Derived from the research objectives. They provide direction of the research methods, i.e., hypothesis tests data requirement/acquisit ion data analysis/ interpretation

18. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 18 Research Questions (2) Questions should be about Size or magnitude Order Probability (error and bias) Relationship or Causality

19. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 19 Research Questions (3) Examples Is the CER market competitive? What are the unit costs of CERs? What are the significant determinants of the demand? And how large are their effects? What are the significant determinants of the supply?

20. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 20 Research Questions (4) Don’t ask How will the unit cost be measured? Where will the data be collected? What are the cost components? Why? The answers to these questions should be stated in the Methodology section. Without them, the research will not be approved.

21. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 21 Literature Review Conceptual Framework Research Methods Concept Proposal

22. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 22 Literature Review (1) Served as the source of specific knowledge, research topic, conceptual framework and research methods. Only prior research works and advanced materials. Review of basic theories is pre- requisite of the research not a part of it.

23. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 23 Literature Review (2) Sources of Literature theses, dissertation journals, e.g., Journal of Environmental Economics and Management academic working papers,.e.g., –National Bureau of Economic Research (http://www.nber.org) –http://econpapers.rep ec.org

24. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 24 Literature Review (3) Sources of Literature (cont’d) Publications of Country Government and International Organization Advanced textbooks or monographs Encyclopedia, Handbooks

25. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 25 Conceptual Framework (1) Integration of ideas from reviewed literature and personal initiatives Statement or more preferable schematic diagram showing relationship or interaction between variables, data analysis and interpretation not the sequences or schedule of research execution

26. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 26 Supply function Demand function Equilbrium Q > Observed Q yes NoNo Compe titive Non- competitive Conceptual Framework (2)

27. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 27 Research Methods Served as Blueprint Timeframe/stages of execution Data Collection method and data sources (Measuring tools/Survey/ Interview) Analysis tools/Model/Graphs Calculation/Estimation method Hypothesis tests/Interpretation of results

28. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 28 Conceptual Proposal (1) Served as the first written document to communicate the research idea with supervisor, colleagues and/or funding agencies before developing the detailed proposal

29. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 29 Conceptual Proposal (2) Outline Research Title Statement of Problem Research Objectives Research Questions Conceptual Framework

30. Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University 30 Conceptual Proposal (3) Outline (cont’d) Resource Required –Preliminary Budget –Organization and Members of Research Team References –list of reviewed literature