2. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE
I. How are evolutionary relationships determined?
Structural similarities
Homologous structures?
Breeding behavior
Geographical distribution
Chromosome comparisons
Biochemistry
DNA sequences, proteins

3. II. Phylogenetic Classification
Phylogeny:
The evolutionary history of a species
Cladistics:
Biological classification system based on phylogeny
Cladogram:
A model of the phylogeny of a species
Similar to a pedigree

4. Cladogram

5. II. Phylogenetic Classification
Fanlike Model:
Unlike a cladogram, fanlike model communicates the time organisms became extinct or the relateive number of species in a group
Also incorporates fossil information and information gained from anatomical, embryological, genetic, and cladistic studies
Page in textbook

6. III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS
A. Prokaryotes
Unicellular
Lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
Chemosynthetic
Photosynthetic
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria

7. III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS
A. Prokaryotes
1. Archaebacteria
Have different ribosomal DNA compared to other prokaryotes
Live in extreme, harsh environments
2. Eubacteria
Include most bacterias and cyanobacteria (photosynthetic)

8. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

9. III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS
B. Protists
protist: eukaryote that lacks complex organ systems and lives in moist environments
Unicellular & multicellular
Animal-like heterotrophs
Plant-like autotrophs
Fungus-like heterotrophs

10. Protists

11. III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS
C. Fungi: Earth’s Decomposers
Fungus: unicellular/multicellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic material in environment (dead/decaying material)

12. Fungi

13. III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS
D. Plants: Multicellular Oxygen Producers
Multicellular
Photosynthetic
Eukaryotic
Contain chloroplasts and cell walls composed of cellulose
250,000 known species including mosses, ferns, and evergreens

14. Plants

15. III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS
E. Animals: Multicellular Consumers
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
No cell walls
Cells  tissues  organs  organ systems
Have organ systems such as:
Nervous, circulatory, and muscular systems

16. Animals

17. How To Remember The 6 Kingdoms?
AE/P/FPA
A: Archaebacteria
E: Eubacteria
P: Protists
F: Fungi
P: Plants
A: Animals
Moneran Kingdom: = Archaea and Eubacteria