1. Systems of Speech Anatomy of Articulation
Respiratory, laryngeal, & supralaryngeal

2. Functions of the Speech Mechanism
The speech mechanism has two functions:
Biological function: breathing and eating
Speech function: produce different configurations which make up different sounds.
Speech is the end product of four processes that occur simultaneously and cooperatively (respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation).

3. Sublaryngeal/Subglottal Structures
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs/alveoli
Rib Cage/lungs
Diaphragm
Sublaryngeal structures contain organs of respiration necessary for speech production.

4. Basic Framework for respiration
Sternum
Ribs (12 paired sets)
Clavicle
Vertebral column
Pelvis
Framework provides support and protection for the lungs, heart, and respiratory muscles.

5. Framework

6. Ribs Protects heart At rest, ribs angle downward.
During inhalation, can elevate to increase lung capacity.
Cartilaginous attachments along sternum and vertebral column

7. Clavicle Commonly known as the collar bone.
Provides a place of connection for accessory muscles of respiration.

8. Vertebral Column Vertebral column vs. spinal cord Sections:
Cervical: C1-C7
Thoracic: T1-T12
Lumbar: L1-L5
Sacral:S1-S5
Coccygeal: fused

9. Pelvis Provides connection for legs and vertebral column Made up of:
Ilium-supports abdominal muscles
Sacrum
Pubic bone: public symphysis

10. The Respiratory System
Lungs, rib cage, abdomen, and associated muscles
Provides movement of air needed for speech
All sounds in English language are produced on egressive air- outward
We speak on exhaled air unless there is a disorder

11. Basic muscle info of breathing
Diaphragm
Muscles of the rib cage
Known as intercostal muscles:
Located between ribs
External intercostals – Assist during inhalation
Internal intercostals – Assist during exhalation
Abdominal muscles:
Help during forceful exhalation.

12. Abdominal Muscles

14.
(overview)

15. Sublaryngeal Structures
Trachea: windpipe; composed of cartilaginous rings; extends from larynx to bronchi.
Bronchi: branches off from trachea into 2 divisions leading into the R & L lung.
Bronchioles: smaller branches of bronchi.

16. Sublaryngeal Structures (con’t)
Alveolar Ducts: place where bronchioles terminate.
Alveolar Sacs: place where alveolar ducts terminate.
Alveoli: in alveolar sacs; site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

17. Sublaryngeal Structures (con’t)
Rib Cage: composed of 12 pairs of ribs
Diaphragm: separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity.

18. Lungs, of course Lungs: Housed within the rib cage. Air filled sacs.
Expand and shrink with movement of the rib cage.

19. Process of respiration
In comes the air
Air released into larynx & supralaryngeal area
Controls loudness or changes needed for certain aspects of speech
Breath groups usually coincide with syntactic rules/units

20. Larynx
Contains:
Vocal folds
Glottis
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Larynx: composed of cartilage and muscle; suspended from the hyoid bone.

21. How not to say Larynx

22. Hyoid Bone
Horseshoe or boomerang shaped bone that the larynx is suspended from.
The only free floating bone in the body.

23. The Laryngeal System ‘balloon’ ‘voice box’ Sits on top of the trachea
Houses the vocal folds (muscles)
Feel the vibrations (voices/unvoiced/devoiced)
‘balloon’

24. Cartilages of the Larynx
Thyroid cartilage:
Large and shield-like.
Cricoid cartilage:
Forms a ring and sits on the top of the trachea.
Arytenoid cartilages:
Paired triangular shaped cartilages in the back.
Sit on top of the cricoid cartilage.
Epiglottis:
Leaf-shaped cartilage that folds back to protect the opening of the larynx during swallowing.

25. Helpful Links
Normal vocal folds as well as disordered

26. Larynx – Vocal Folds
Vocal Folds: muscles and connective tissue that attach anteriorly to thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to arytenoid cartilages (allow folds to open and close).
Vocal folds vibrate (phonation) to produce voicing, needed for speech.

27. Larynx – Vocal Folds
Abducted (open): for phonation of voiceless sounds; for normal inhalation/exhalation.
Adducted (closed): for phonation of voiced sounds; also closes trachea to create pressure for heavy lifting, labor, and defecation.
All vowels and most consonants are voiced in American English.

28. More about Vocal Folds The front attachment is fixed
The arytenoid cartilages move in relation to the movement of the vocal folds.

29. Real picture – Yikes!!

30. Larynx - Glottis Glottis: space between the vocal folds.
Sounds produced at glottis: /h, ʔ/
Cartilages – Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid
Epiglottis- leaf-like cartilage below root of tongue and at junction of oropharynx and laryngopharynx; covers entrance to the larynx; prevents food and liquid from going into the trachea.

31. Muscles of the Larynx These are the vocal fold adductors:
Transverse (inter)arytenoid:
Runs between the arytenoids
Helps adduct
Important for medial compression
Medial compression
Degree of force applied at the point of contact

32. Helpful link
print

33. More Adductors Oblique (inter)arytenoid:
Superficial to transverse interarytenoids
Run from muscular process of one to apex of the other arytenoid cartilage
Helps with medial compression and pulls down epiglottis

35. Vocal Fold Abductor Posterior cricoarytenoid Only abductor
Runs from posterior cricoid lamina to the muscular processes of arytenoid cartilage
Pulls muscular process posteriorly, rocking arytenoid on axis

36. Vocal Fold Tensors Cricothyroid Primary tensor of vocal folds.
Rocks thyroid cartilage forward
Composed of two heads
Pars recta: medial most portion
Runs from cricoid cartilage to thyroid lamina
Rocks thyroid downward
Responsible for pitch change
Pars oblique:
Runs from cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
Slides thyroid forward

37. Action of the Crycothyroid Muscle

38. Vocal Fold Tensor
Thyrovocalis muscles (medial portion of thyroarytenoid)
Medial muscle of vocal folds
Part of thyroarytenoid muscle
Runs from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid vocal process
Draws thyroid and cricoid apart anteriorly

39. Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Digastricus
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus

40. Laryngeal Depressors
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid

41. Terms for the laryngeal system
Fundamental frequency of the voice
Rate of vocal fold vibration
Hertz
One complete cycle of vibration per second
Hearing screenings – 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 Hz
Intonation
Natural changes in the pitch of the voice during sentences & conversations
Questions, statements, exclamatory

42. Supralaryngeal System
Above the larynx
Modifies the vibrations coming from the vocal folds
Pharyngeal, oral, & nasal cavities = The Vocal Tract

43. Diagram of Nasal, Oral, & Pharyngeal Cavities
Basic supera lenga cavities. Trying to show bone structures.

44. Vocal Tract Pharyngeal cavity:
Vertical tube at the posterior vocal tract
Throat
Oral cavity:
Mouth
Horizontal tube that runs anterior to posterior
Nasal cavities:
Horizontal cavities above the oral cavity.
Resonators for nasal sounds.
Vocal cords housed by lyrnx. 3 cartalges of the lyrnx are? The vocal cords are made up of two muscles? The furst tube that modifies your voice is the pharyngeal cavity. 3 cavities (test question)

45. Bones of the Face Mandible Maxilae Nasal bones
Provide points of attachment for muscles of articulation.
Mandible is the jaw. Maxilae is upper jaw bone above the lip.

46. Bones of the Cranium Frontal bones Parietal bones Occipital bones
Temporal bones
Protect the brain and provide points of articulation for muscles of articulation.
Frontal is forhead.

47. Muscles of Face & Mouth Orbicularis oris: Risorius: Buccinator:
Rounds the lips
Risorius:
Retracts lips at the corners and flattens cheeks
Buccinator:
Lip retraction and cheek depression
What kind of muscles do you think he has to use??
Orbicularis oris is the main muscle of the mouth…the lips. It rounds the lips.

48. Muscles of the Face
Buccinator retract cheaks. Those 3 are test questoins.

49. Muscles of the Face Levator labii superioris muscle:
Upper lip elevator
Zygomatic minor muscle:
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi:
These muscles help your lips do this 
All these are up lift lifters…don’t have to lable them but will need to know them for anatomy class.

50. More muscles of the face
Zygomatic major:
Elevates and retracts angle of the mouth
Depressor labii inferioris muscle:
Pulls lips down and out
Depressor anguli oris muscle:
Mentalis:
Wrinkles chin and depresses lower lip
These muscles supplement and arnt the main. Mentalis is a good muscle to know how to label. test

51. Muscles of the mouth For the: The Tongue Velum Mandible
Tongue is the most important articulator…canot make clear speech without the tounge. Know where the syloid precess is. Gloss means tounge. KNOW THIS LINK!!!! WILL BE ON TEST

52. Styloglossus
Runs from: styloid process of temporal bone to inferior sides of tongue
Two portions:
1) Blends with inferior longitudinal
2) Blends with hyoglossus
Function: Draws tongue back and up
Helps get peanut butter off the roof of your mouth
Good to remember. Will affect the swallow.

53. Genioglossus Genioglossus: Prime mover of the tongue
Runs from: mandible to length of tongue and hyoid
Function:
Anterior: retraction of tongue
Posterior: tongue protrusion
Both: depresses tongue
Genioglossus
PRIME MOVER OF THE TONGUE. Help with souds like p and th.

54. Hyoglossus Hyoglossus: Superficial to genioglossus
Deep to styloglossuss
Antagonist to palatoglossus muscle
Runs from: hyoid bone to lateral edges
Function: Depresses sides of tongue
Hypoglossus
Help you say eeeeee

55. Palatoglossus Palatoglossus:
Runs from velum to lateral edges of posterior tongue.
Function: Elevates posterior tongue and/or depresses velum
Also considered muscle of the velum
Palatoglossus
Not on test

56. Intrinsic Tongue Muscles
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
Don’t need to know these muscles

57. Superior Longitudinal
Upper layer of tongue
Runs from: hyoid and epiglottis to lingual apex.
Function: lingual elevation and lateralization
‘sh’ and helps flatten the peanut butter against the roof of your mouth 
Muscles that make up the INSIDE of the tongue. Lingual apex is the TIP OF YOU TONGUE.

58. Inferior Longitudinal
Inferior layer of tongue
Runs from: root and hyoid to apex
Function: Pulls tip downward and/or lateral
Some people put the tip high some low.

59. Intrinsic tongue muscles
Transverse muscles:
Intermediate to inferior and superior longitudinal muscles
Runs from: median fibrous septum to lateral edges of tongue
Function: Narrows tongue
Vertical muscles:
Interwoven with transverse muscles
Run from base of tongue to cover
Function: Flattens tongue
Transverse muscle narrows tongue.

60. Pharyngeal Cavity
Pharynx/Pharyngeal Cavity (pharyngeal/pharyngo): throat; extends from posterior portions of the nasal cavity downward through the back of the oral cavity to (but not including) the larynx.

61. Muscles of the Pharynx Superior Middle Inferior Cricopharyngeus
Thyropharyngeus
Don’t have to know this for the test

62. Nasal Cavity
Nasal Cavity (nasal/naso): extends from nostrils (nares) to pharynx (throat).
Receives inhaled air, filters air, warms air, and directs air toward trachea.
Direction of sound travel is determined by the velum/soft palate
“hanging door”
Speech: provides resonance by opening/closing of velopharyngeal port.
Open for nasal sounds
Closed for vowels and non-nasal sounds

63. Oral Cavity – Velum
Velum (velo/velar): soft palate, forms posterior roof of oral cavity; composed of muscle and connective tissue covered in mucous membrane; continuous with hard palate.
Prevents food and fluid from entering the nasal cavity.
Speech: necessary in producing 3 nasal sounds (/m, n, ŋ/), and tongue contact for other consonants
The ka sound is making contact with the velum also called the solf palate. Hard palate is the rough part of the roof of your mouth.

64. Muscles of the Velum Levator veli palatini Tensor veli palatini
Elevates the velum to seal off the nasal cavities.
Closed for most English sounds except for the nasals.
Uvula hangs from it.
Tensor veli palatini
Tenses the velum and flattens it
Dilates the eustachian tube

65. Oral Cavity – Velum (con’t)
Uvula: “little grape,” small fleshy mass
“the hangy thing”
Velopharyngeal Port: opening that connects the nasal and oral cavity; velum assists in opening/closing this port by making contact with pharyngeal wall.
If you see it deformed in any way it hints that there could be something wrong in the ear or velum or something else associated with that stage of development.

66. Sounds Produced by the Velum
Lingua-velar: tongue + velum
/k, g, ŋ/
Nasals
/m, n, ŋ/

67. More on modifiers of the sounds
Articulators
Make the sounds
Mandible (jaw)
Contributes to tongue & lower lip movements
vowels

68. Mandible Elevators: Protrusion: Depressors: Masseter Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Protrusion:
Lateral pterygoid
Depressors:
Digastricus
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Platysma

69. Supraglottal/Supralaryngeal Structures
Nasal Cavity
Pharyngeal Cavity
Oral Cavity
Lips
Teeth
Alveolar Ridge
Hard Palate
Velum
Tongue
Mandible
These are the basic structures we will be talking about.

70. Oral Cavity - Lips
Lips (labio/labial): bounded by cheeks, chin, and nose; composed of muscles and tissues.
Helps receive and hold food & fluids.
Speech: lips change position for vowels (rounded, neutral, spread) and consonants.
Biological functions are most important.

71. Sounds Produced by Lips
Bilabial: both lips
/p, b, m, w/
Labiodental: lip + teeth
/f, v/
Wah- elabeo vealor

72. Oral Cavity - Teeth Teeth (dento/dental)
Aids in cutting and grinding of food.
Speech: passive, but important for sounds involving “lip & teeth” and “tongue & teeth.”

73. Sounds Produced by the Teeth
Labio-dental: lip + teeth
/f, v/
Lingua-dental: tongue + teeth
/ɵ, ð/

74. Oral Cavity – Alveolar Ridge
Alveolar Ridge (alveolo/alveolar): teeth are contained in the alveolar ridge in the maxilla and mandible; gum ridges/alveolar processes.
Aids for tongue contact during swallowing.
Speech: place for tongue contact for some of the consonants.

75. Sounds Made at Alveolar Ridge
Lingua-alveolar: lip + alveolar ridge
/t, d, s, z, n, l/

76. Oral Cavity – Hard Palate
Hard Palate (palato/palatal) – forms anterior roof of oral cavity; composed of bony tissue and covered by mucous membrane.
Helps contain food in oral cavity
Speech: contact place for consonants and oral cavity shaping for vowels

77. Sounds Involving the Hard Palate
Lingual-palatal: tongue + hard palate
/ʃ, ʧ, ʒ, ʤ, r, j/

78. Oral Cavity – Mandible
Mandible (mandibular/mandibulo): lower jaw; attaches to tip and blade of tongue by frenum.
Provides rotary action for chewing.
Speech: Raises and lowers for vowel articulation.

79. Tongue MOST IMPORTANT ARTICULATOR Muscular structure Parts of tongue
Root – forms front wall of pharynx
Body
Bulk of mass of the tongue
Vowel descriptors
Tip
Most visible part
Important in clarity of speech
Blade – just behind tip
/sh/
Dorsum
Back/ /k/ & /g/
As the body modifies it makes various vowel sounds.

80. Lips Upper & lower Important articulators Bilabial sounds
Labiodental sounds
vowels
Bilabial sound would be p v