1. Augustine on Love and God

2. Introduction

3. Introduction Aurelius Augustinus (354-430) Aurelius Augustinus (354-430)

4. Introduction Fall of Rome Fall of Rome

5. Introduction Fall of Rome (Divided) Fall of Rome (Divided)

6. Introduction Fall of Rome (Attacked) Fall of Rome (Attacked)

7. Introduction Fall of Rome (Sacked 410 AD) Fall of Rome (Sacked 410 AD)

8. Introduction Augustine in De Civitate Dei (City of God) tries to explain this Augustine in De Civitate Dei (City of God) tries to explain this

9. Introduction ‘Salvation’ Religions ‘Salvation’ Religions

10. Introduction Incompetence of Empire Incompetence of Empire

11. Introduction ‘Salvation’ Religions ‘Salvation’ Religions Incompetence of Empire Incompetence of Empire Oppression of common populace Oppression of common populace

12. Introduction ‘Salvation’ Religions ‘Salvation’ Religions Incompetence of Empire Incompetence of Empire Oppression of common populace Oppression of common populace Irrelevance of philosophers’ ideals and recommendations for living Irrelevance of philosophers’ ideals and recommendations for living

13. Introduction ‘Salvation’ Religions ‘Salvation’ Religions Incompetence of Empire Incompetence of Empire Oppression of common populace Oppression of common populace Irrelevance of philosophers’ ideals and recommendations for living Irrelevance of philosophers’ ideals and recommendations for living Seek help elsewhere Seek help elsewhere

14. Introduction ‘Salvation’ Religions ‘Salvation’ Religions Incompetence of Empire Incompetence of Empire Oppression of common populace Oppression of common populace Irrelevance of philosophers’ ideals and recommendations for living Irrelevance of philosophers’ ideals and recommendations for living Seek help elsewhere Seek help elsewhere Mithra, Isis, Cybele and Attis, … Christ. Mithra, Isis, Cybele and Attis, … Christ.

15. Introduction ‘Salvation’ Religions ‘Salvation’ Religions Incompetence of Empire Incompetence of Empire Oppression of common populace Oppression of common populace Irrelevance of philosophers’ ideals and recommendations for living Irrelevance of philosophers’ ideals and recommendations for living Seek help elsewhere Seek help elsewhere Mithra, Isis, Cybele and Attis, … Christ. Mithra, Isis, Cybele and Attis, … Christ. Constantine accepts Christianity in Empire, 313 AD Constantine accepts Christianity in Empire, 313 AD

16. Introduction Jewish Ethics Jewish Ethics

17. Introduction Follow the Law! Follow the Law!

18. Introduction Jewish Ethics Jewish Ethics Follow the Law! Follow the Law! the observance of the the observance of the commandments is not conditional on understanding them

19. Introduction Jewish Ethics Jewish Ethics Follow the Law! Follow the Law! the observance of the the observance of the commandments is not conditional on understanding them Ten Commandments Ten Commandments

20. Introduction Christian ethics is normative, and the norms are set by known, fixed statements of Law

21. Introduction Problem of Evil Problem of Evil

22. Introduction How can there be Evil in the World? How can there be Evil in the World?

23. Introduction Problem of Evil Problem of Evil How can there be Evil in the World? How can there be Evil in the World? Manichaeans – Two principles: one Good, one Bad Manichaeans – Two principles: one Good, one Bad

24. Introduction Problem of Evil Problem of Evil How can there be Evil in the World? How can there be Evil in the World? Christians – God is all-powerful Christians – God is all-powerful God wishes all good things Therefore there are all good things. But there are also Evil things. How?

25. Introduction Problem of Evil Problem of Evil How can there be Evil in the World? How can there be Evil in the World? Stoics – Evil and Good can only exist together Stoics – Evil and Good can only exist together Man can reason faultily Evils are only apparent, not real.

26. Introduction Problem of Evil Problem of Evil How can there be Evil in the World? How can there be Evil in the World? Stoics – Evil and Good can only exist together Stoics – Evil and Good can only exist together Man can reason faultily Evils are only apparent, not real. Augustine agrees: Augustine agrees: he saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good

28. Introduction Problem of Evil Problem of Evil Why do we do wrong? Why do we do wrong?

29. Introduction Problem of Evil Problem of Evil Why do we do wrong? Why do we do wrong? Original Sin – we are naturally prone to be naughty Original Sin – we are naturally prone to be naughty

30. Introduction Problem of Evil Problem of Evil Why do we do wrong? Why do we do wrong? Original Sin – we are naturally prone to be naughty Original Sin – we are naturally prone to be naughty We have Free Will We have Free Will

31. Introduction Problem of Evil Problem of Evil Why do we do wrong? Why do we do wrong? Original Sin – we are naturally prone to be naughty Original Sin – we are naturally prone to be naughty We have Free Will We have Free Will Augustine tells us how he enjoyed sinning: he once stole some pears, and didn’t even eat them. Why? Augustine tells us how he enjoyed sinning: he once stole some pears, and didn’t even eat them. Why?

32. Introduction Problem of Evil Problem of Evil Why do we do wrong? Why do we do wrong? Original Sin – we are naturally prone to be naughty Original Sin – we are naturally prone to be naughty We have Free Will We have Free Will Augustine tells us how he enjoyed sinning: he once stole some pears, and didn’t even eat them. Why? Augustine tells us how he enjoyed sinning: he once stole some pears, and didn’t even eat them. Why? Just to enjoy the freedom of theft! Just to enjoy the freedom of theft!

33. Introduction Problem of Evil Problem of Evil Why do we do wrong? Why do we do wrong? Original Sin – we are naturally prone to be naughty Original Sin – we are naturally prone to be naughty We have Free Will We have Free Will Augustine tells us how he enjoyed sinning: he once stole some pears, and didn’t even eat them. Why? Augustine tells us how he enjoyed sinning: he once stole some pears, and didn’t even eat them. Why? Just to enjoy the freedom of theft! Just to enjoy the freedom of theft! Discipline the Will! Want what is right! Discipline the Will! Want what is right!

34. Introduction Christians take the Will rather than the Act to be the principal carrier of moral value in humans

35. The Order of Love

36. How should the will be shaped? How should the will be shaped?

37. The Order of Love How should the will be shaped? How should the will be shaped? Do what it takes to achieve Happiness – eudaimonia, beatitudo (which is not just ‘blessedness’) Do what it takes to achieve Happiness – eudaimonia, beatitudo (which is not just ‘blessedness’)

38. The Order of Love How should the will be shaped? How should the will be shaped? Do what it takes to achieve Happiness – eudaimonia, beatitudo (which is not just ‘blessedness’) Do what it takes to achieve Happiness – eudaimonia, beatitudo (which is not just ‘blessedness’) Contra most pagan philosophers, this is not entirely up to the individual Contra most pagan philosophers, this is not entirely up to the individual

39. The Order of Love Immortality is required for happiness Immortality is required for happiness

40. The Order of Love Immortality is required for happiness Immortality is required for happiness So accept there is a heaven to reach So accept there is a heaven to reach

41. The Order of Love Immortality is required for happiness Immortality is required for happiness So accept there is a heaven to reach So accept there is a heaven to reach Act so as to reach it Act so as to reach it

42. The Order of Love Immortality is required for happiness Immortality is required for happiness So accept there is a heaven to reach So accept there is a heaven to reach Act so as to reach it Act so as to reach it Obey God’s (New Testament) commands Obey God’s (New Testament) commands

43. The Order of Love Immortality is required for happiness Immortality is required for happiness So accept there is a heaven to reach So accept there is a heaven to reach Act so as to reach it Act so as to reach it Obey God’s (New Testament) commands Obey God’s (New Testament) commands 1. Love God above all. 2. Love your neighbour as you love yourself.

44. The Order of Love Immortality is required for happiness Immortality is required for happiness So accept there is a heaven to reach So accept there is a heaven to reach Act so as to reach it Act so as to reach it Obey God’s (New Testament) commands Obey God’s (New Testament) commands 1. Love God above all 2. Love your neighbour as you love yourself Isn’t this a bit self-interested to be real love?

45. The Order of Love Love can be justified without commands Love can be justified without commands

46. The Order of Love Love can be justified without commands Love can be justified without commands Happiness requires loving right things Happiness requires loving right things The title ‘happy’ cannot, in my opinion, belong either to him who has not what he loves, whatever it may be, or to him who has what he loves if it is hurtful, or to him who does not love what he has, although it is good in perfection

47. The Order of Love Love can be justified without commands Love can be justified without commands Happiness requires loving right things Happiness requires loving right things There is a hierarchy of things There is a hierarchy of things (According to the Neo-Platonists) God Angels Humans Horses Insects Rocks Nothing

48. The Order of Love Love can be justified without commands Love can be justified without commands Happiness requires loving right things Happiness requires loving right things There is a hierarchy of things There is a hierarchy of things They are of declining changeability They are of declining changeability God Angels Humans Horses Insects Rocks Nothing

49. The Order of Love Love can be justified without commands Love can be justified without commands Happiness requires loving right things Happiness requires loving right things There is a hierarchy of things There is a hierarchy of things They are of declining changeability They are of declining changeability Love the least changeable Love the least changeable and most perfect God Angels Humans Horses Insects Rocks Nothing

50. The Order of Love Love can be justified without commands Love can be justified without commands Happiness requires loving right things Happiness requires loving right things There is a hierarchy of things There is a hierarchy of things They are of declining changeability They are of declining changeability Love the least changeable Love the least changeable and most perfect Happiness is in Loving God Happiness is in Loving God God Angels Humans Horses Insects Rocks Nothing

51. The Order of Love Love can be justified without commands Love can be justified without commands Happiness requires loving right things Happiness requires loving right things There is a hierarchy of things There is a hierarchy of things They are of declining changeability They are of declining changeability Love the least changeable Love the least changeable and most perfect Happiness is in Loving God Happiness is in Loving God If we find something which is both superior to man, and can be possessed by the man who loves it, who can doubt that in seeking for happiness man should endeavour to reach that

52. The Order of Love Love and the worth of others Love and the worth of others

53. The Order of Love Love and the worth of others Love and the worth of others The hierarchy of things gives their The hierarchy of things gives their absolute value God Angels Humans Horses Insects Rocks Nothing

54. The Order of Love Love and the worth of others Love and the worth of others The hierarchy of things gives their The hierarchy of things gives their absolute value We tend to use a scale of instrumental values determined by advantage to us We tend to use a scale of instrumental values determined by advantage to us

55. The Order of Love Love and the worth of others Love and the worth of others The hierarchy of things gives their The hierarchy of things gives their absolute value We tend to use a scale of instrumental values determined by advantage to us We tend to use a scale of instrumental values determined by advantage to us We are wrong to value ourselves absolutely and others instrumentally We are wrong to value ourselves absolutely and others instrumentally

56. The Order of Love Love and the worth of others Love and the worth of others The hierarchy of things gives their The hierarchy of things gives their absolute value We tend to use a scale of instrumental values determined by advantage to us We tend to use a scale of instrumental values determined by advantage to us We are wrong to value ourselves absolutely and others instrumentally We are wrong to value ourselves absolutely and others instrumentally Love others as ourselves Love others as ourselves

57. The Order of Love A virtuous person treats others according to their absolute value and loves God above all A virtuous person treats others according to their absolute value and loves God above all Failure to order your love in this way is a failure of will Failure to order your love in this way is a failure of will

58. Law and Grace

59. Any rational person can become virtuous Any rational person can become virtuous

60. Law and Grace Any rational person can become virtuous Any rational person can become virtuous The Lex Aeterna is the law derivable by reason The Lex Aeterna is the law derivable by reason

61. Law and Grace Any rational person can become virtuous Any rational person can become virtuous The Lex Aeterna is the law derivable by reason The Lex Aeterna is the law derivable by reason The assistance of God is required to understand the Law The assistance of God is required to understand the Law

62. Law and Grace Any rational person can become virtuous Any rational person can become virtuous The Lex Aeterna is the law derivable by reason The Lex Aeterna is the law derivable by reason The assistance of God is required to understand the Law The assistance of God is required to understand the Law His assistance is Grace, a gift to undeserving persons His assistance is Grace, a gift to undeserving persons

63. Law and Grace Any rational person can become virtuous Any rational person can become virtuous The Lex Aeterna is the law derivable by reason The Lex Aeterna is the law derivable by reason The assistance of God is required to understand the Law The assistance of God is required to understand the Law His assistance is Grace, a gift to undeserving persons His assistance is Grace, a gift to undeserving persons So Happiness requires God So Happiness requires God

64. Peace

65. Peace Lex Temporalis is the law Man makes Lex Temporalis is the law Man makes

66. Peace To preserve peace To preserve peace

67. Peace Lex Temporalis is the law Man makes Lex Temporalis is the law Man makes To preserve peace To preserve peace Peace requires justice Peace requires justice (Justice = proper order of values)

68. Peace Lex Temporalis is the law Man makes Lex Temporalis is the law Man makes To preserve peace To preserve peace Peace requires justice Peace requires justice (Justice = proper order of values) Peace can only exist in Heaven Peace can only exist in Heaven

69. Summary Christian additions to Western ethical values: Christian additions to Western ethical values: sin, love of God and one’s fellow man, humility, kindness, forgiveness, mercy sin, love of God and one’s fellow man, humility, kindness, forgiveness, mercy Christian additional emphasis on: Christian additional emphasis on: Importance of Will Importance of Will Acceptance of ultimate Worth of Others Acceptance of ultimate Worth of Others Belief in Lawful order of things Belief in Lawful order of things