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Person Perception September 25th, 2009 : Lecture 5
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Person Perception Social Information Attribution Self-serving Biases Prediction
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Social Information What Goes Into Person Perception? Behaviour Context Schemas!
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Behavioural Input Verbal Behaviour Nonverbal Behaviour Emblems Power of Behavioural Input: “Thin Slices”
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Emblems Gestures that have well-understood meaning within a culture Effectively: nonverbal language
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“Thin Slices” Approach within social psychology focused on the attributional power of brief exposure to others
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SES in Social Interactions How quickly can you detect someone’s socio- economic status (SES)?
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SES in Social Interactions Kraus & Keltner (2009) Method:
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SES in Social Interactions Kraus & Keltner (2009) Results: Naive observers accurately detected parents’ income, mothers’ education, and subjective SES Relative to high SES participants, low SES participants spent less time: Grooming, doodling, manipulating objects
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Context
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Context matters Provides additional input Can completely change attribution
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Schemas What you expect is what you get
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Schemas Classic example from last Friday’s lecture:
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Schemas Classic example from last Friday’s lecture:
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Schemas Classic example from last Friday’s lecture:
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Attribution Explanation for an observed behaviour of another social object
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Attribution How Automatic is Attribution? Attribution Theory Internal/External Attributions Fundamental (?) Attribution Error Covariation Theory
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Ease of Attribution Heider & Simmel (1944)
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Automaticity of Attributions How Automatic is an Attribution? Very Attributions = Pattern Matching
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Attribution Theory Primary Question: Do we attribute behaviour to something about the person (“internal”) or something about the situation (“external”)?
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Internal Attribution Attributing a person’s behaviour to something intrinsic to that person Personality, disposition, attitude, or character
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External Attribution Attributing a person’s behaviour to something about the situation in which the behaviour occurred Specifically not changing beliefs regarding person’s character or personality
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Fundamental Attribution Error AKA, “FAE” When perceiving others: Tendency to overestimate the influence of internal causes for behaviour and underestimate external causes When perceiving self: Much more likely to attribute own behaviour to external causes
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Fundamental Attribution Error Jones & Harris (1967) Method:
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Fundamental Attribution Error Jones & Harris (1967) Results: Choice No Choice
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Perceptual Salience Tendency to overestimate the causal role of information that grabs our attention
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Two-Step Process of Attribution Same process as Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic 1. Make an internal attribution 2. Attempt to adjust away from internal attribution by considering situational constraints
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How Fundamental is the FAE? Gang Lu ( 卢刚 ) 卢刚 Recent Physics Ph.D. from University of Iowa On 1991/11/01, he killed 4 faculty, 1 Ph.D. Student, and paralysed a student researcher
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How Fundamental is the FAE? Morris & Peng (1994) Method: Analysed Chinese- and English-language newspaper articles written about Gang Lu Results:
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Correspondence Bias Tendency to infer that a person’s behaviour corresponds to their disposition, personality, or attitude
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Covariation Theory Assumption: People are lay statisticians 3 Factors of Attribution: Consensus Distinctiveness Consistency
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Consensus Do other people behave in this way? Behaviour unique to person
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Distinctiveness Does this person behave like this with other stimuli? Behaviour unique to situation
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Consistency Does the person behave like this over time? Behaviour unique to this moment in time
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Covariation Theory 3 Patterns Lead to 3 Attributions: ConsensusDistinctivenessConsistencyAttribution ↓↓↑ Internal ↑↑↑ External ↑ or ↓ ↓ Situational
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Self-Serving Biases Self-Serving Attributions Defensive Attributions: Unrealistic Optimism Just World Hypothesis False Consensus Effect Ultimate Attribution Error
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Self-Serving Attributions You do really well on a test. Is this because: You are smart The test was easy You do really poorly on a test. Is this because: You are dumb The test was hard
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Self-Serving Attributions Positive outcome for Self: Explain it in terms of internal factors Negative outcome for Self: Explain it in terms of external factors
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Unrealistic Optimism Tendency to expect: Bad things are less likely to happen to you than to other people Good things are more likely to happen to you than other people
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Just World Hypothesis Belief that good things happen to good people and bad things to bad people Leads to rejection of victims
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False Consensus Error Assumption that more people share your beliefs, attitudes, and preferences than actually do
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Ultimate Attribution Error Tendency to make internal attributions about an entire social group’s disposition based on the behaviour of one group member Only applies to social outgroups
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Prediction How Good Are We At Predicting? Implicit Personality Theories
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How Good Are We at Prediction? Demo! Need 6 volunteers!
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Implicit Personality Theories Type of schema used to group certain personality traits together E.g., Jane is warm. Will Jane lend Jeric $10 for lunch?
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“We see people and things not as they are, but as we are.” Next lecture (9/30): Social Interactions Relevant Websites: How good at you at perceiving other people’s personality? http://www.youjustgetme.com What your stuff says about you: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90829875
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Alexa’s Survey
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