1. Libraries 2020 Imagining the library of the (not too distant) future SUNY Library Association Annual Conference June 7, 2012 Kristen Purcell, Ph.D. Associate Director, Research Pew Internet Project

2. Part of the Pew Research Center, a nonpartisan “fact tank” based in Washington, DC PRC’s mission is to provide high quality, objective data to thought leaders and policymakers Data for this talk is from nationally representative telephone surveys of U.S. adults and teens (on landlines and cell phones) Presentation slides and all data are available at pewinternet.org

3. About our libraries research… Study the changing role of public libraries and library users in the digital age Funded by a three-year, $1.4 million grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation More information available at libraries.pewinternet.org

4. The Internet: Then and Now

5. 46% of US adults used the internet 5% had home broadband connections 53% owned a cell phone 0% connected to internet wirelessly 0% used social network sites _________________________ Information flowed mainly one way Information consumption was a stationary activity Internet Use in the U.S. in 2000 Slow, stationary connections built around a desktop computer

6. 82% of US adults use the internet 2/3 have broadband at home 88% have a cell phone; 46% are smartphone users 19% have a tablet computer 19% have an e-reader 2/3 are wireless internet users 65% of online adults use SNS The Internet in 2012 Mobile devices have fundamentally changed the relationship between information, time and space Information is now portable, participatory, and personal

7. The Very Nature of Information Has Changed All around us Cheap or free Shaped and controlled by consumers and networks Designed for sharing, participation and feedback Immediate Embedded in our worlds Scarce Expensive Shaped and controlled by elites Designed for one-way, mass consumption Slow moving External to our worlds Information was… Information is…

8. Information is Woven Into Our Lives Mobile is the needle, Social Networks are the thread Social Networks… Surround us with information through our many connections Bring us information from multiple, varied sources Provide instant feedback, meaning and context Allow us to shape and create information ourselves and amplify others’ messages Mobile… Moves information with us Makes information accessible ANYTIME and ANYWHERE Puts information at our fingertips Magnifies the demand for timely information Makes information location-sensitive

9. GADGETS

10. Adult gadget ownership over time (2006-2012) % of American adults age 18+ who own each device Source: Pew Internet surveys, 2006-2012

11. % of American adults age 18+ who own each device Source: The Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project surveys. Gadget ownership snapshot for adults age 18+ Subset of cell phones

12. Mobile is the Needle: 88% of US Adults Have a Cell Phone Teen data July 2011 Adult data Feb 2012 % in each age group who have a cell phone 46% of US adults now own SMARTPHONES, up from 35% in Spring 2011 Highest rates among: 18-24 year-olds (67%) 25-34 year-olds (71%) 23% of all teens age 12- 17 have a smartphone 31% of 14-17 year-olds have a smartphone, compared with just 8% of 12-13 year-olds

13. Smartphone ownership by age & income/education % of adults within each group who own a smartphone (for example, 58% of 18-29 year olds with a household income of less than $30,000 per year are smartphone owners) 18-29 (n=336) 30-49 (n=601) 50-64 (n=639) 65+ (n=626) All adults66%59%34%13% Annual Household Income Less than $30,0005842165 $30,000 or more72694427 Educational Attainment High school grad or less6343228 Some college or college graduate70714420 Source: Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project January 20-February 19, 2012 tracking survey. N=2,253 adults age 18 and older, including 901 interviews conducted on respondent’s cell phone. Interviews conducted in both English and Spanish.

14. Overall, if you had to use one single word to describe how you feel about your cell phone, what would that one word be?

15. % of US adult cell owners who use their phones to… Mobile is the Needle That Weaves Information Throughout Our World

16. % of adult cell phone owners age 18+ within each group who do the following activities with their cell phone White, non- Hispanic (n=1343) Black, non- Hispanic (n=232) Hispanic (n=196) Send or receive text messages707683* Take a picture717079* Access the internet3956*51* Send a photo or video to someone525861* Send or receive email3446*43* Download an app2836* Play a game3143*40* Play music2745*47* Record a video3041*42* Access a social networking site2539*35* Watch a video2133*39* Post a photo or video online1830*28* Check bank balance or do online banking1527*25* *indicates statistically significant differences compared with whites. Source: The Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project, April 26 – May 22, 2011 Spring Tracking Survey. n=2,277 adults ages 18 and older, including 755 cell phone interviews. Interviews were conducted in English and Spanish. Cell Phone Activities by Race/Ethnicity

17. How Phones Function In Our Lives % of US adult cell owners who had done each of the following in the 30 days prior to the survey…

18. % of cell owners in each age group who have performed these real-time activities in the previous 30 days Source: Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Mobile Survey, March 15-April 3, 2012. Using Phones for Real-Time Information

19. In the last 30 days, have you used the internet on ____? % of teens age 12-17 who used this gadget in past 30 days to access the internet Source: The Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project, April 19 – July 14, 2011 Teen Survey. n=799 teens 12-17 and a parent or guardian. Interviews were conducted in English and Spanish, by landline and cell phone, and included an oversample of minority families. Gadgets Teens Use to Access the Internet

20. Apps provide direct connections to information % of app downloaders who have downloaded each type of app… Based on August 2011 Pew Internet Tracking Survey One in three US adults download apps to a cell phone or tablet computer App downloading is highest among young adults age 18-29 Apps: From Superhighway to Bypass

21. Apps, Geolocation and Augmented Reality

22. 29% of adults own a specialized device for e-reading (either a tablet or an e-reader) –19% of adults own an e-book reader –19% of adults own a tablet computer E-book reader and tablet ownership are strongly correlated with income and education, and these devices are most popular with adults under age 50 Women are more likely than men to own e- readers, and parents are more likely than non-parents to own tablets Tablet and E-reader Use is on the Rise

23. Percent of e-reader owners age 18+ who own each type of e-book reader What Kind of e-Reader Do You Own?

24. Just don't need one/don’t want one 24% Cost/can’t afford it19 Prefer books/print16 Don’t read/no time to read10 Don’t know what an e-reader is5 Don’t want to learn tech/don’t know how to use it4 Have enough other devices/use other devices3 Plan to get one/waiting for better features3 Have iPad/tablet3 Lack of time in general2 I’m too old2 Vision/health problems<1 Other3 Don’t know/refused5 Dec. 2011 results are from a survey of 2,986 people age 16 and older conducted November 16- December 21, 2011 conducted in English and Spanish on landline and cell phones. The margin of error is +/- 2 percentage points. N for non-owners of e-reading devices=2,290. What is the main reason you do not currently have an e-reader? % of Americans age 16+ who do not own an e-book reader who cite each reason 85% of those who do not own an e-book reader have no plans to purchase one

25. Percent of tablet owners age 18+ who own each type of tablet computer What Kind of Tablet Computer Do You Own?

26. Just don't need one/don’t want one 35% Cost/can’t afford it25 Have enough devices/happy with current devices20 Don’t want to learn tech/don’t know how to use it7 Don’t know what a tablet computer is2 Plan to get one/waiting for better features2 I’m too old2 Lack of time in general1 Don’t read/no time to read<1 Vision/health problems<1 Prefer books/print<1 Prefer to use library<1 Other2 Don’t know/refused3 Dec. 2011 results are from a survey of 2,986 people age 16 and older conducted November 16- December 21, 2011 conducted in English and Spanish on landline and cell phones. The margin of error is +/- 2 percentage points. N for non-owners of tablet computers=2,290. What is the main reason you do not currently have a tablet computer? % of Americans age 16+ who do not own a tablet computer who cite each reason 81% of those who do not own a tablet computer have no plans to purchase one

27. SOCIAL NETWORKS = NETWORKED INDIVIDUALS, NETWORKED INFORMATION

28. Social Networks are the Threads That Connect Us 65% of online adults use social networking sites Consistent rates across gender, race/ethnicity, and income groups

29. Why Adults 18+ Use Social Networks

30. A Pew study finds that contrary to fears the internet isolates people... Facebook users are more trusting than other adults Facebook users have more close relationships Facebook users get more social support than other adults For networked individuals, information is embedded and ambient Social Networks and Social Cohesion

31. Teen social network and Twitter use – trends over time Based on teen internet users Source: The Pew Research Center Internet & American Life Project Teen & Parent surveys. Teens and Social Media Use

32. The percent of teens who use social network sites almost doubles between ages 12 and 13 45% of online 12-year-olds use social network sites That jumps to 82% among 13- year-old internet users Girls are twice as likely to use Twitter as boys 22% of online girls use Twitter v. 10% of online boys Black teens are 3X as likely to be Twitter users as whites or Latinos Among online teens, 34% of black teens use Twitter v. 11% of white and 13% of Latino teens Twitter use is especially low among younger boys 2% of online boys ages 12-13 use Twitter Facebook is the dominant social media site among teens 93% of teen social media users have a Facebook account MySpace ranks a distant second at 24% 76% of ALL Teens Are Social Media Users

33. 87% of parents of teens 12-17 use the internet 67% of parents of teens use social media sites 39% of parents have friended their teenager on a social network site Other than LinkedIn, teens and adults maintain online social media accounts in the same places Based on teens/adults who use social network site(s) and/or Twitter Source: Teen data is from the Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Teen-Parent survey, April 19-July 14, 2011. N=799 for teens 12-17 and parents, including oversample of minority families. Adult data is from Pew Internet’s August Tracking survey, July 25-August 26, 2011. Nationally representative, n=2260 adults 18+, includes cell phone & Spanish language interviews. * indicates a statistically significant difference between age groups. THEY AGREE ON SOMETHING! Adults and Teens Use the Same Social Media Sites

34. The volume of teen texting has risen from 50 texts a day in 2009 to 60 texts a day in 2012 for the median teen texter Just 6% of teens use email daily, while 39% say they never use email Given So Many Choices, How do Teens Communicate?

35. The Age of Search

36. Search and Information Gathering Over time, search has remained one of the most popular internet activities % of adult internet users who engage in each activity online Source: The Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project tracking surveys, 2002-2012. Social network site use not tracked prior to February, 2005. “Get news online” and “buy a product online” have not yet been asked in 2012.

37. All online adults91% Race/Ethnicity White93* African American89* Hispanic79 Age 18-2996* 30-4991 50-6492 65+80 Education Some high school78 High school88* Some college94* College graduate95* Household income < $30,00084 $30,000 - $49,99993* $50,000 - $74,99997* $75,000+95* *Denotes statistically significant difference with other rows in that category Source: Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project Tracking Survey, Jan 20-Feb 19, 2012. N=2,253 adults age 18 and older. Interviews conducted in English and Spanish. Who Uses Search? The vast majority of internet users are search users, but some demographic groups are more likely than others to use search…. Young adults have been raised on search and are most likely to use it % of online adults in each group who use search engines

38. % of adult search users who use a search engine…. Source: The Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project Tracking Survey, Jan 20-Feb 19, 2012. N=2,253 adults, age 18 and older. Interviews conducted in English and Spanish. An asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference across years at the.95 confidence level. Internet users are turning to search more frequently Daily use of search engines is most common among younger, more educated and more affluent internet users 60% of internet users age 18-49 are daily search users v. 40% of those 50+ 70% of internet users who have graduated from college are daily search users v. 36% of those who have never been to college Daily

39. In general, do you think Internet search engines are a FAIR and UNBIASED source of information, or do you think search engines are NOT a fair and unbiased source? In general, how much of the information you find using search engines do you think is ACCURATE or TRUSTWORTHY? Source: The Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project Winter 2012 Tracking Survey, January 20-February 19, 2012. N=2,253 adults, age 18 and older, including 901 cell phone interviews. Interviews conducted in English and Spanish. Most adult search users have faith in the fairness and accuracy of results

40. Younger search engine users have the most faith in the search results they get 72% of 18-29 year-olds say that search engines are a fair and unbiased source, v. 65% of 30-49 year-olds, 67% of 50-64 year-olds, 54% of search users age 65+ Women are slightly more likely than men (76% v. 69%) to say all or most of their search results are accurate and trustworthy Search users living in the highest income households are also more likely than others to believe that all or most of their search results can be trusted Who has the most faith in the fairness and accuracy of search results?

41. Overall, in your experience, are search engine results getting MORE relevant and useful over time, LESS relevant and useful, or have you not seen any real difference over time? Overall, in your experience, is the QUALITY of the information you get using search engines getting BETTER over time, WORSE over time, or have you not seen any real difference? Source: The Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project Winter 2012 Tracking Survey, January 20-February 19, 2012. N=2,253 adults, age 18 and older, including 901 cell phone interviews. Interviews conducted in English and Spanish. Most adult search engine users say the relevance and quality of results are improving over time

42. Books or Nooks? READING IN AMERICA

43. Library Research Timeline…Stage I (August 2011-July 2012) Focus on libraries and new technologies The Rise of E-Reading - Published –Special focus on reading habits of e-reader and tablet owners E-books and libraries - June 2012 –Stories/quotes from library staff and patrons Library use in different community types (forthcoming) The habits of younger library users (forthcoming)

44. 21% of American adults read an e-book in the last year 68% read a print book 11% listened to an audiobook Overall, just 19% of adults say they read NO books in the past year, in any format First report: The rise of e-reading

45. % of each age group who have read a book in whole or in part in the past 12 months Source: Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Reading Habits Survey, November 16-December 21, 2011. N=2,986 respondents age 16 and older. Interviews were conducted in English and Spanish and on landline and cells. The margin of error for the sample is +/- 2 percentage points. Book reading by age

46. % of adult book readers (age 18+) using this format on an average day, as of June 2010 and December 2011 The book format used by readers on any given day is shifting over time Source: Pew Research Center Surveys. % of adult book readers (age 18+) who use each of these formats on an average day

47. Readers of e-books are more likely than other readers to be: Under age 50 College educated Living in households earning $50K+ Other key characteristics: They read more books, more often, and for a wider range of reasons More likely to buy than borrow Who are the readers behind the screens?

48. % of e-book readers age 16 and older who read e-books on each type of device On what gadgets do e-readers read their books?

49. Asked of those16+ who have read both e-books and print books in last 12 months Which is better – print or e-book?

50. % of e-book readers age 16+ who look first to each source When you want to read a particular e-book, where do you look first?

51. Additional takeaways for librarians The gadget doesn’t make the reader, but it may change the reader 41% of tablet owners and 35% of e- reader owners said they are reading more since the advent of e-content A majority of print readers (54%) and e-book readers (61%) prefer to purchase their own copies of books Most audiobook listeners (61%) prefer to borrow their audiobooks Some Takeaways for Libraries

52. Imagining the Library of the Not-Too-Distant Future

53. Volume Velocity Valence/Relevance Functions: Helping Information Consumers with the “Three V’s” Volume 70% of adults say they are overwhelmed by the amount of information available today How do I separate the wheat from the chaff to find what’s useful TO ME? How do I keep up with the constant stream of information in the world today?

54. Anywhere Any Time Any Device Real time, easily accessed, easily shared and synched information The Operating System of the New Learning Environment

55. Sentries The Role(s) of the Librarian in the Library of the Not-Too-Distant Future EvaluatorsFiltersCertifiers identifying and locating the highest quality information

56. Aggregator/ Synthesizer The Role(s) of the Librarian in the Library of the Not-Too-Distant Future OrganizerNetwork NodeFacilitator helping patrons put information in action

57. From ALA: Confronting the Future Strategic Visions for the 21 st Century Public Library Available at www.ala.org The Library of the Not-Too-Distant Future

58. Library Research Timeline…Stage II (May-November 2012) Focus on the changing world of library services The evolving role of libraries in communities The role of libraries in the lives of special populations Library Research Timeline…Stage III (Sept 2012–April 2013) Library User Typology An updated, in-depth portrait of young library users

59. Kristen Purcell, Ph.D. Associate Director, Research Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project kpurcell@pewinternet.org Twitter: @pewinternet @kristenpurcell All data available at: pewinternet.org libraries.pewinternet.org