1. Speciation 1 Brian O’Meara EEB464 Fall 2015 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lopTMhAbXoI

3. Initiation of speciation Maintenance of current species

4. Prezygotic Postzygotic Zygote image © Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction; Lausanne, image downloaded from http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/evorimplantation/furchung01.html http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/evorimplantation/furchung01.html

5. Prezygotic Postzygotic Zygote image © Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction; Lausanne, image downloaded from http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/evorimplantation/furchung01.html http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/evorimplantation/furchung01.html Physical or temporal isolation Lack of proper mating cues Mechanical problems Gametic problems Hybrid inviability Hybrid sterility

6. Physical or temporal isolation Wikimedia commons

7. Lack of proper mating cues From BBC Planet Earth

8. Mechanical problems Fleur Champion de Crespigny via National Geographic Johanna L. Rönn/Uppsala University via National Geographic

9. Gametic problems Ludlow, A.M. & A.E. Magurran. 2006. Gametic isolation in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Proc. Biol. Sci. 273(1600):2477-2482 Wibowo Djatmiko

10. Hybrid inviability Crosses of green toads from Sicily. a: Cross B. balearicus female × B. siculus male; b: reciprocal cross B. siculus × B. balearicus; f: in the age of two months (from left to right): retarded tadpole, "giant" leucistic tadpole with developmental arrest, malformed dwarfed tadpole, leucistic tadpole that turned later out to be incapable of metamorphosis, apparently normally metamorphosing tadpole; c-d: offspring in the age of seven days, showing dead and malformed embryos and tadpoles in comparison with apparently normally developing ones; e: about one-months old normal tadpole (left) in comparison with leucistic "large" tadpole (right); g: adult, two-year-old F 1 -male; h: adult, two-year-old F 1 -female. Photographs: M. Stöck. Colliard et al. Strong reproductive barriers in a narrow hybrid zone of West-Mediterranean green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) with Plio-Pleistocene divergence. BMC Evol Biol (2010) vol. 10 pp. 232

11. Hybrid sterility http://ywwg.com/wordpress/?p=397

12. Dobzhansky-Muller Incompatibilities How can genes evolve within a species neutrally but still lead to hybrid inviability/sterility? Think of the ancestral species being genotype AA BB

13. Speciation Allopatric Parapatric Sympatric

14. AllopatricSympatric Prezygotic Physical or temporal isolation Lack of proper mating cues Mechanical problems Gametic problems Postzygotic Hybrid inviability Hybrid sterility Sympatric speciation has always fascinated evolutionary biologists, and for good reason; it pits diversifying selection directly against the tendency of sexual reproduction to homogenize populations.... The most precise definitions make sympatric speciation an infinitesimal end point of a continuum. Because it is virtually impossible to demonstrate the occurrence of such a theoretical extreme, we argue that testing whether a case fits a particular definition is less informative than evaluating the biological processes affecting divergence. We do not deny the importance of geographical context for understanding divergence. Rather, we believe this context can be better understood by modelling and measuring quantities, such as gene flow and selection, rather than assigning cases to discrete categories like sympatric and allopatric speciation. Fitzpatrick, Fordyce, Gavrilets. What, if anything, is sympatric speciation?. J Evolution Biol (2008) vol. 21 (6) pp. 1452-1459 Sympatric speciation has always fascinated evolutionary biologists, and for good reason; it pits diversifying selection directly against the tendency of sexual reproduction to homogenize populations.... The most precise definitions make sympatric speciation an infinitesimal end point of a continuum. Because it is virtually impossible to demonstrate the occurrence of such a theoretical extreme, we argue that testing whether a case fits a particular definition is less informative than evaluating the biological processes affecting divergence. We do not deny the importance of geographical context for understanding divergence. Rather, we believe this context can be better understood by modelling and measuring quantities, such as gene flow and selection, rather than assigning cases to discrete categories like sympatric and allopatric speciation. Fitzpatrick, Fordyce, Gavrilets. What, if anything, is sympatric speciation?. J Evolution Biol (2008) vol. 21 (6) pp. 1452-1459

15. Sticklebacks Rundle HD & Schluter D (2004). Natural Selection and Ecological Speciation in Sticklebacks. In: Adaptive Speciation, eds. Dieckmann U, Doebeli M, Metz JAJ & Tautz D, pp. 192–209. Cambridge University Press.

17. Gavrilets and Vose. Dynamic patterns of adaptive radiation. P Natl Acad Sci Usa (2005) vol. 102 (50) pp. 18040-18045

18. Sympatric speciation Bolnick and Fitzpatrick. Sympatric speciation: Models and empirical evidence. Annu Rev Ecol Syst (2007) vol. 38 pp. 459-487 EmpiricalTheoretical

19. Punctuated equilibrium Various works by Gould and Eldredge