2. 1 OSI Seven Layer

3. 2 Physical Layer (1)

4. 3 Physical Layer (2) RS-232C

5. 4 Physical Layer (3) Manchester

6. 5 Physical Layer (4) Differential Manchester 0.Signal voltage changes in the middle of the bit ； Signal voltage changes in the beginning of the bit 1. Signal voltage changes in the middle of the bit ； Signal voltage do not change in the beginning Control Signal voltage do not change in the middle of the bit

7. 6 Data Link Layer MAC information: http://map-ne.com/Ethernet/vendor.html

8. 7 Some of the Routing Protocols:  RIP  RIPv2  OSPF  IGRP  EIGRP  IS-IS  BGP Network Layer

9. 8 Routed Protocols ：  IP  IPX  Apple Talk  DecNET Network Layer

10. 9 Network Layer Address ：  Hierarchical  Network Number  Host Number  Logical Address MAC Address ：  Flat  Physical Address Network Layer

11. 10 TCP/IP Model DOD Reference ModelOSI Model

12. 11 TCP/IP Model

13. 12 TCP/IP Model IEEE 802 Standard 802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Group 802.2 Logical Link Control Working Group (Inactive) 802.3 Ethernet Working Group 802.4 Token Bus Working Group (Inactive) 802.5 Token Ring Working Group 802.6 Metropolitan Area Network Working Group (Inactive) 802.7 Broadband TAG (Inactive)

14. 13 TCP/IP Model 802.8 Fiber Optic TAG 802.9 Isochronous LAN Working Group 802.10 Security Working Group 802.11 Wireless LAN Working Group 802.12 Demand Priority Working Group 802.13 Not Used IEEE 802 Standard(Cont ’ d)

15. 14 TCP/IP Model 802.14 Cable Modem Working Group (Archive information is currently being moved, not available) 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Working Group 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring Working Group IEEE 802 Standard(Cont ’ d) http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/dots.html

16. 15 Summary OSI Model Functions:  Compression/Decompression  Encryption/Decryption  Connection Establishing/Terminating  Segmentation/Reassembly  Flow Control  Error Control  Addressing/Routing

17. 16 Summary OSI Model Functions: (Cont’d)  Sequencing  Encapsulation/Decapsulation  Encoding/Decoding  Multiplexing  Synchronization  Positive Acknowledgement and Retransmission (PAR)  Windowing

18. 17 Internet Protocol First Octet Rule Default ClassFirst OctetRange IdeaSubnet Mask ----------------------------- A0xxx xxxx0~127 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 B10xx xxxx128~191 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 C110x xxxx192~223 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 Dfor multicast Efor research

19. 18 ClassNetworksNodes in each network A B C 128256 x 256 x 256 64 x 256256 x 256 32 x 256 x 256256 Internet Protocol

20. 19 Subnet CalssDefault Host bitsMaximum borrowing A2422 B1614 C86

21. 20 Example 1172.16.40.4 255.255.255.0 10101100.00010000.00101000.00000100 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 10101100.00010000.00101000.00000000 172. 16. 40. 0 AND 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 Network Number 172. 16. 40. 4 255. 255. 255. 0 172. 16. 40. 0 Subnet AND

22. 21 Example 2172.16.40.4 255.255.224.0 10101100.00010000.00101000.00000100 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 10101100.00010000.00100000.00000000 172. 16. 32. 0 AND 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 Network Number 172. 16. 00101000. 4 255. 255. 11100000. 0 172. 16. 00100000. 0 Subnet

23. 22 Example 3172.16.0.0 255.255.224.0 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 172. 16.000xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.001xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.010xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.011xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.100xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.101xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.111xxxxx.xxxxxxxx Subnet Mask Continuous 0 to 1 Subnets 2 3 Valid subnets 2 3 -2 Total nodes in each subnet 2 13 Valid nodes in each subnet 2 13 -2 Abbreviation: 172.16.0.0/19 Subnet

24. 23 Example 4172.16.0.0 / 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 172. 16.00000000.xxxxxxxx.00000001.xxxxxxxx.00000010.xxxxxxxx. ….11111111.xxxxxxxx Subnet Mask Continuously borrowing bits from the right Subnets 2 8 Total nodes in each subnet 2 8 172.16.0.0/24 Subnet

25. 24 Network Number: The first node of each network Broadcast address: The last node of each network 172.16.0.0/20 172.16.32.0 172.16.47.255 172.16.0.0/24 172.16.15.0 172.16.15.255 172.16.0.0/28 172.16.15.64 172.16.15.79 Subnet

26. 25 Subnet Subnet maskValid Subnets Valid nodes Total valid nodes IP Saving 255.255.255.192262124 255.255.255.224630180 255.255.255.24014 196 √ 255.255.255.248306180 255.255.255.252622124 Class C

27. 26 Subnet Best IP Saving ClassSubnet MaskTotal usable nodes A 255.255.240.0 ( 2 12 -2) x (2 12 -2) B 255.255.255.0 ( 2 8 -2) x (2 8 -2) = 254 2 C 255.255.255.240 ( 2 4 -2) x (2 4 -2) = 196  borrowing bits = left-over bits

28. 27 Subnet /17=255.255.128.0/25=255.255.255.128 /10=255.192.0.0/18=255.255.192.0/26=255.255.255.192 /11=255.224.0.0/19=255.255.224.0/27=255.255.255.224 /12=255.240.0.0/20=255.255.240.0/28=255.255.255.240 /13=255.248.0.0/21=255.255.248.0/29=255.255.255.248 /14=255.252.0.0/22=255.255.252.0/30=255.255.255.252 /15=255.254.0.0/23=255.255.254.0 /16=255.255.0.0/24=255.255.255.0

29. 28 IP 10.128.32.64, Find its broadcast IP /810.255.255.255/1710.128.127.255/2510.128.32.127 /1010.191.255.255/1810.128.63.255/2610.128.32.127 /1110.159.255.255/1910.128.63.255/2710.128.32.95 /1210.143.255.255/2010.128.47.255/2810.128.32.79 /1310.135.255.255/2110.128.39.255/2910.128.32.71 /1410.131.255.255/2210.128.35.255/3010.128.32.67 /1510.129.255.255/2310.128.33.255 /1610.128.255.255/2410.128.32.255 Subnet

30. 29 Find the broadcast address of the following IP ： 128.1.2.3/29128.1.2.716.65.30.1/2016.65.31.255 128.5.6.7/28128.5.6.1516.65.60.1/1916.65.63.255 128.4.5.6/30128.4.5.716.65.140.1/1816.65.191.255 128.3.4.5/26128.3.4.6316.65.100.1/1716.65.127.255 128.10.15.20/27128.10.15.3116.65.1.1/1616.65.255.255 128.5.160.3/23128.5.161.25516.65.0.0/1516.65.255.255 128.6.7.10/25128.6.7.12716.65.3.4/1416.67.255.255 128.7.6.4/22128.7.7.25516.65.100.200/1316.71.255.255 128.6.27.8/21128.6.31.25516.65.128.255/1216.79.255.255 Subnet

31. 30  IP and Subnet Mask work together to define the neighborhood(network range) of that IP  Router uses routing table to make path decision  Routing table records the relationship of network number and the router’s interface (port); not the IP to the port  Intermediate routers forward packets based on their destination network number, not the destination IP  The final router uses IP to get the MAC of the destination host, then uses the destination MAC to deliver the packet (within a frame) Subnet

32. 31 10.0.0.0 1 x 2 24 = 2 24 IP (10.0.0.0~10.255.255) 172.16~31.0.016 x 2 16 = 2 20 IP (172.16.0.0~172.31.255.255) 192.168.0.0256 x 2 8 = 2 24 IP (192.168.0.0~192.168.255.255) Private IP

33. 32 When IP and its subnet mask are known, the following can be determined: · The subnet number of this subnet · The broadcast address of this subnet · The range of this subnet · The maximum subnets allowed by this mask · The number of hosts in this subnet · Borrowing bits and total network bits (/number) http://www.johnscloset.net/cgi/dictionary.pl?Netmask Summary