1. Defining the francophone marketplace of Canadian businesses and entrepreneurs: examining new ways of thinking Marc Duhamel Canadian Institute for Research on Public Policy and Public Administration November 1, 2012

2. What is the francophone marketplace of Canadian businesses and entrepreneurs?  What is a business and an entrepreneur?  Creating value added through the coordination, control and delegation of decisions and activities  Where does language interacts with the activities of a business or entrepreneur?  People, Architecture, Process, and Culture  Can we assess this francophone marketplace?  What is the value of economic transactions and exchanges of this francophone marketplace?

3. What is « Doing Business » in French? The contribution of language to the value added of economic exchange and business transactions is important 75 % of respondents to the pre-Forum survey view the usage of French as a necessary criterion External transactions Clients Suppliers Investors (ex. institutions financières) Business partners, strategic alliances, networks Internal transactions Gouvernance (ex. Corporate Board) Owners, shareholders, members Management, Directors Employees Doing business in French means more than the contribution of workers whose mother tongue is French The framework

4. Francophone marketplace varies at the enterprise-level Three randomly selected majority owners of businesses describe their francophone marketplace Entreprise A (MB) 10-19 employees Professionnal services Entreprise B (QC) 1 employee Business management Entreprise C (ON) 1 employee Manufacturing Francophone marketplace, 2012 Source: Pre-Forum Survey

5. How many businesses contribute to the development of the francophone marketplace? Every business and entrepreneur can contribute to the development of the francophone marketplace when they use French in their economic transactions or exchanges. Data limitation (e.g. Statistics Canada) prevent a complete and accurate response to this question Data on workers (employees and managers) are frequently used (e.g. Vaillancourt, 1996 and CBoC, 2012 among others) Mother tongue is the most frequently used criterion, not the most appropriate for a business or entrepreneur Complementary sources of data Census: language regularly used at work for workers Survey on Financing (and Growth) of Small and Medium Enterprises (1999-2011) provides information on the mother tongue of business owners Worplace and Employee Survey (1999-2006) provides information on the mother tongue and language regularly used at work of workers Le Conseil canadien de la coopération et de la mutualité provides data on partnerships of francophone cooperatives To our knowledge, there is no available administrative database or survey that provides information on francophone marketplace of social enterprises

6. How many business units have a francophone majority- owner ? Source: ICRPAP, 2012

7. Enterprises of francophone majority-owner are less numerous proportionally than the respective weight of workers or the population in general Source: ICRPAP, 2012

8. The criterion of the language used in a business has important regional implications Source: ICRPAP, 2012

9. New Ways of Thinking about the Francophone Marketplace of Enterprises Available data prevent a complete and coherent picture of the francophone marketplace for business Which factors are more important for the development of the francophone marketplace (e.g. ownership vs. management, customers vs. investors)? Real opportunities exist to enhance our understanding The collection and analysis of administrative datasets, in addition to the analysis of survey data, could foster a richer and more coherent understanding of the factors that promote the development of the francophone marketplace in every community (e.g. cooperatives, social and commercial entreprises)