1. Swinomish Woodstove Change-out Program Implemented by Tony Basabe and Lynette Ikebe Swinomish Air Quality Program Office of Planning and Community Development Swinomish Indian Tribal Community La Conner, WA

2. Background More than 90% of Tribal homes on the Reservation use wood stoves. Most woodstoves are used as a primary heat source Most of the old wood stoves were non- EPA certified manufactured before 1980. 1 st change-out in 2002 (Puget Sound Energy SEP) 13 stoves were changed-out for 10 EPA certified stoves and 3 propane stoves project cost $32,000. 2 nd change-out 2005-2006 (Connoco Phillips SEP) 17 stoves changed out + 4 free stoves provided. Project cost $28,000. 3 rd change-out 2007(Tribal funding). Changed-out 80 non- EPA certified wood stoves in Tribal homes on the Swinomish Reservation. Project cost $141,000

3. Make The Vendors Your Partners Research the wood stove manufacturers (you get what you pay for) After initial request for bids make a second and third request for proposals and watch the price go down Do the same process for the installer Ask the vendor for after market parts discounts

4. 2007 SITC Woodstove Change-out Project Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) measurements were taken before and after the change- outs. IAQ measurements were primarily designed to provide information on fine particulate PM2.5 emissions of the old woodstoves compared to the new ones. Home exhaust ventilation systems were manipulated to test for woodstove back-drafting

5. IAQ woodstove change-out measurements Measurements documentation strategies were based on informal interviews with the Tribal residents regarding their wood stove use practices. IAQ measurements were generally taking during normal work hours 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM. However, several homes were continuously monitored for a few days. IAQ measurements from 15 homes include ambient and indoor PM 2.5, CO, CO 2, room temperature and RH, occupied and crawl space pressure differences and stove temperature.

6. Figure 3. Locations of all Tribal housing and facilities Figure 1. Locations of all Tribal housing and facilities on the Swinomish Reservation.

7. Aerial photo (2004) of SITC Village next to the Swinomish Channel across from La Conner, WA

8. House Temperature 55° F Outside Temperature 35 ° F Scenario 1: No fire (old stove or new stove), no exhaust fans operating – “Stack Effect” = Occupied/ambient Press diff.5-1.0 Pa, PM 2.5- 4 to 273 µg/m 3, CO- 0 to 2 ppm. The size of arrows represent amount of ventilation.

9. House Temperature 58° F Outside Temperature 35 ° F Scenario 2: Fire starting (old stove), no exhaust fans operating – “Stack Effect” = occupied /ambient Press diff.5-1.5 Pa, PM 2.5- 12 to 353 µg/m3, CO- 0 to 6 ppm. The size of arrows represent amount of ventilation.

10. Inside house Temperature 60° F Outside Temperature 35 ° F Scenario 3: Fire starting (old stove), one exhaust fan operating + “Stack Effect” = Occupied/ ambient Press diff.9-2.1 Pa, PM 2.5- 10 to 12,600 µg/m3, CO- 0 to 13 ppm. The size of arrows represent amount of ventilation.

11. House Temperature 58° F Outside Temperature 35 ° F Scenario 4: Fire burning (old stove), 1 or more exhaust fans & dryer operating – “Stack Effect” = occupied /ambient Press diff.5-6.8 Pa, PM 2.5- 12 to 1,200 µg/m3, CO- 0 to 6 ppm The size of arrows represent amount of ventilation.

12. House Temperature 55-75° F Outside Temperature 45 ° F Scenario 5: Fire starting &burning (new stove), no exhaust fans operating – “Stack Effect” = occupied /ambient Press diff.5-1.2 Pa, PM 2.5- 12 to 25 (1000+ during curing) µg/m 3, CO- 0 to.4 ppm. The size of arrows represent amount of ventilation.

13. House Temperature 60-75° F Outside Temperature 42-54° F Scenario 6: Fire burning (new stove), 1 or more exhaust fans & dryer operating – “Stack Effect” = occupied /ambient Press diff.5-4.1 Pa, PM 2.5- 12 to 25 µg/m 3, CO- 0 to.2 ppm, The size of arrows represent amount of ventilation.

14. Take Home Message GOOD NEWS New wood stoves dramatically improve IAQ that includes…. Uses less fuel Less PM 2.5 emissions Less CO emissions Changes air flow dynamics = reduces crawl space and attic space gas influx to occupied space

15. Bad NEWS New wood stove are not as forgiving as the old when burning wet or green wood that results in creosote buildup and chimney fires First or second fire in new exposes occupants unhealthy levels of PM2.5 and air toxics

18. Table 1. Aerosol composition form wood stove off gassing during 1st burn of new EPA certified stove. Compound MeanStdev µg/m³ Ethanol 1326.671884.82 Dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC 12) 2.60.26458 Acetonitrile 1.833330.50332 Acrolein 54.666765.2482 Acetone 173.667145.363 2-Propanol (Isopropyl Alcohol) 45.666747.3744 2-Butanone (MEK) 53.22547.6865 Benzene 197285.613 Toluene 128106.471 Ethylbenzene 8.7333312.3589 m,p-Xylenes 27.27541.8648 Styrene 2.266671.15902 o-Xylene 10.514.394 alpha-Pinene 2.50.40825

19. Table 1 continued Compound MeanStdev µg/m³ 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 99.04212 d-Limonene 4.752.57747 Naphthalene 5.958.70038 n-Decane 113.333161.658 n-Undecane 80103.923 Chloromethane 6.857.2832 1,3-Butadiene 3.50.98995 Trichlorofluoromethane 43.6559.8919 n-Hexane 4.84.10122 n-Nonane 203.667334.575 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 4.854.73762 n-Pentanal 9.50.70711 n-Hexanal 4014.1421 n-Heptanal 91.41421 C 10 H 22 Branched Alkane 102.5137.886