1. Reforming the Industrial World
Chapter 9, Section 4

2. Marxism: Radical Socialism
The Communist Manifesto (1848)
Bourgeoisie and proletariat
Predicted that workers would overthrow the owners

3. The Future According to Marx
Capitalism would eventually destroy itself
Factories would drive small artisans our of business
Large proletariat would revolt and seize factories
“dictatorship of the proletariat”
Classless society (pure communism)

4. The Communist Manifesto (1848)
1848 & 1849 – widespread revolt throughout Europe
1900s – Marxism inspired revolutionaries
Lenin (Russia), Mao Zedong (China), Fidel Castro (Cuba)

5. How was Marx Wrong?
Religion, nationalism, ethnic loyalties and desire for democratic reform
The gap between the rich and the poor did not widen as predicted

6. Labor Unions & Reform Laws
Long hours, dirty and dangerous working conditions, and threat of being laid off
Unions were volunteer labor associations that engaged in collective bargaining for better conditions and higher pay
Strike or refuse to work if factory owners refused union demands

7. How it started… Skilled workers led the way
In the beginning unions helped the lower middle class more than the poor
Slow to grow because governments saw unions as a threat to social order and stability
Combination Acts of 1799 & 1800 outlawed unions (parliament repealed in 1824

8. British and American Unions
Raising wages and improved working conditions
1875 – won the right to strike and picket peacefully
Built up a membership of 1 million people
Early 1800s – beginning of skilled worker membership in unions
1886 – American Federation of Labor (AFL)
AFL strikes = higher wages and shorter hours

9. Reform Laws Timeline
Read pg 304 – 305 “Labor Unions and Reform Laws” and create a timeline in your notes
Include: date, name of act, significance

10. The Abolition of Slavery
William Wilberforce led the fight to end slavery in the British Empire
1807 – Parliament passes bill to end slavery in British West Indies
1833 – completely abolished slavery in British Empire

11. Reasons to Abolish Slavery in British Empire
Reasons for ending slavery:
Morally against slavery
Slave labor was an economic threat
Cheap labor instead of slave labor

12. Slavery in the United States
Early 1800s – movement to end slavery and fulfill promise of Declaration of Independence
1865 – Union wins the Civil war and slavery ends
1873 – slavery ends in Puerto Rico
1886 – Spain abolishes slavery in Cuba
1888 – slavery ends in Brazil

13. Fight for Women’s Rights
Industrialization is a mixed blessing for women
Women factory workers made more money than women that stayed at home
Women factory workers made 1/3 as much as men

14. Reasons for Women’s Rights Reform Movements
Began as early as 1848 in the United States
International Council for Women
Women formed trade unions where they were dominated
Women ran settlement houses – community centers that served poor residents of slum neighborhoods

15. Why might women abolitionists have headed the movement for women’s rights?

16. Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life
Public education and the prison system ranked among the highest on the list of reforms
By 1850s many states were starting public school systems
Late 1800s most of Western Europe offered free public schooling

17. Horace Mann
“If we do not prepare children to become good citizens…if we do not enrich their minds with knowledge, then our republic must go down to destruction.”

18. Reforms Spread (continued)
1831 – Alexis de Tocqueville contrasted brutal prison conditions in America with “extended liberty” of American Society