1. Pearson Longman PoliticalScienceInteractive Shea, Green, and Smith Living Democracy, Second Edition Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework

2. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The Nature of Government and Politics The rules of the game and the structures that make and enforce these rules The formal structures and institutions through which binding decisions are made for citizens of a particular area The organization that has formal jurisdiction over a group of people who live in a certain place Government

3. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The Nature of Government and Politics Power The ability to get individuals, groups, or institutions to do something Authority The recognized right of a particular individual, group, or institution to make binding decision s

4. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework Types of Government Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy Dictatorship Oligarchy Pluralist Democracy Totalitarian Authoritarian Constitutional

5. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework Early Governance in America Mayflower Compact –Legalized the Pilgrims’ position as a body politic Colonial Assemblies –Every colony in the New World had an assembly

6. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework Early Governance in America If the royal governors were responsive to the concerns of the assemblies, why did the colonists become dissatisfied with British rule?

7. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework Early Governance in America Two developments upset the balance. 1.Debate over the extent of royal authority in government 2.Financial pressures of the French and Indian War

8. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework In 1765, the Sons of Liberty organized in resistance to the Stamp Act. Held rallies, sponsored “committees of correspondence,” and recruited community leaders to their cause Pathways of Action: The Sons of Liberty

9. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The American Revolution Financial causes Great Squeeze Stamp and Sugar Acts Western land put under British control Acts for Trade

10. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The American Revolution Ideological Motivations Creation of government with voice for all (white, male, propertied) citizens “No taxation without representation” Debates over nature of self-governance

11. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework Began as journalist Wrote Common Sense Voice of his time, writing numerous pamphlets Pathways Profile: Thomas Paine

12. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The American Revolution Influential thinkers of the Revolution –John Locke (1632-1704) –Adam Smith (1723-1790) –John Adams (1735-1826) –Thomas Paine (1737-1809) Thomas Paine

13. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The American Revolution First Continental Congress –Many still hoped for compromise Second Continental Congress –Battle of Lexington showed that compromise was impossible

14. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The American Revolution The Declaration of Independence We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

15. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The American Revolution By December 1776, the British seemed to be winning the war. Three developments turned the war in favor of the colonists. 1.High-profile victories 2.Thomas Paine’s “Crisis” papers 3.French government supported revolution

16. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The American Revolution How did events come to the point of revolution? Long-simmering ideas –Liberty, equality, self-governance Available pathways?

17. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The American Revolution “The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.” –Thomas Jefferson, 1787

18. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The Articles of Confederation Goal: to bring the thirteen states together while allowing each state to remain independent. Adopted on March 1, 1781 Under the Articles, each state issued its own currency.

19. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The Limits of the Articles of Confederation Revenue –Economic depression of mid-1780s Daniel Shays –Rallied farmers to demand change from government Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?

20. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The Limits of the Articles of Confederation Shays’s Rebellion – Another Perspective –Were there no pathways available to Shays and his followers? –Massachusetts had not passed measures to help in the crisis. –The goal of the convention might have been to curb democratic protest.

21. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework Student Profile: Joseph Plumb Bartin Enlists with Washington, 1777 “Here I endured hardships sufficient to kill half a dozen horses… [W]ithout provisions, without clothing, not a scrap of either shoes or stockings to my feet or legs.” “Our men were cut up like cornstalks. I do not know the exact number of the killed and wounded but can say it was not small.”

22. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The Constitutional Convention

23. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The Constitutional Convention of 1787: Conflict and Compromise The Virginia Plan Principle author: James Madison National government would be supreme over the states Favored by populous states The New Jersey Plan Principle author: William Patterson “ Confederation model ” Favored by smaller states Two competing plans

24. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The Conflict State-based approach versus an individual-based approach The Compromise House of Representatives: proportional; Senate: equal number of representatives from each state The Conflict Northern hatred of slavery worried Southerners who feared that their greater representation in Congress would be used to end slavery The Compromise The Constitution was to protect the Atlantic Slave Trade for at least twenty years The Constitutional Convention of 1787: Conflict and Compromise

25. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The Conflict If representation is proportional in the House of Representatives, how should slaves be counted? The Compromise Three-fifths of the slaves in each state would be counted The Constitutional Convention of 1787: Conflict and Compromise

26. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The U.S. Constitution

27. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The U.S. Constitution Seven Articles of the Constitution 1. The Legislative Branch 2. The Executive Branch 3. The Judicial Branch 4. Guidelines for Relations between States 5. The Amendment Process 6. Federal-State Relations; Oath for Officers 7. How the Constitution Can be Ratified

28. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The U.S. Constitution: Core Principles Checks and balances Representative Republicanism Separate institutions sharing power Reciprocity among states Three branches of government A fixed system open to change Federalism

29. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The U.S. Constitution: Core Principles

30. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The Struggle over Ratification The Federalist Papers –James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay The “Brutus” Essays A Second Revolution? – Late 1790s debate about the role of average citizens in government Jacksonian Democracy – Era of Good Feelings (1815–1824) – The battle for the presidency and the Corrupt Bargain of 1824

31. Shea, Green, and Smith, Living Democracy, Second EditionCopyright 2009 Pearson Longman Chapter 2: Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework The Struggle over Ratification