1. 9/11: Requirements and Research Problems Raised by Them NSF Workshop on Responding to the Unexpected 27-28 Feb 2002 Rae Zimmerman Robert Neches, RNeches@isi.edu

2. Operator Input Seeing Urban Spaces & How to Anticipate & Protect Them - Modeling & Engineering Predictions for Impacts on Urban Spaces Mobile Devices to Assess Urban Risks & Threats & Relay Information from the Field Improving Intergovernmental Coordination & Partnerships Improving Public-Private Coordination & Partnerships If all politics is local, the best & most accurate data is - Local data is key Using Place to Coordinate Data, People and Activities - The Role of GIS

3. What’s the Important Problem? Situations you can’t specifically plan for: either can’t expect it or can’t afford it Situations where prepositioned governmental organizations alone –would not be adequate –would be overwhelmed –would be dependent on heroic efforts to succeed What 9/11 tells us about addressing the problemWhat 9/11 tells us about addressing the problem –must account for informal, ad hoc connections –therefore must support inclusion, interaction –must overcome inadequate information, uncertainty –must deal with overload

4. Key Contributions to be Made Identifying, replicating, and transferring models of what worked, e.g., 9/11 Finding ways to do it better Interdisciplinary science of organizations with applications in other areas –Business and commerce

5. The Opportunity: Basis for Believing that Advances can be Made Body of data on previous crises and response effort –Archival data –“Live simulations", games, etc Positive models like NY 9/11 response –Validation of social science research on flat organizations New technology advances: data mining, information technology, spread spectrum wireless,... Key trends in network-centric computing: Authenticated and access-controlled. Underlying persistent object system of global scale, hard to take down. Major source of leverage.

6. Multidisciplinary Research Issues (Human, organizational, technology system, economic viability) Informed, collaborative decisionmaking behavior under stress Preparation for responding –Robust, secure Operational dynamics of coordinated execution of decisions Increasing self-monitoring, adaptivity The right information in the right place at the right time -- no more, no less

7. Mapping the Crisis Response Community’s Problems, Needs, and Requirements to Research Issues “seeing crisis situations” –timeliness -- speed, early warning extracted from diverse sources –accuracy –understandability to diverse analysts –assuring a shared, common picture Logistics –leveraging/coordinating initiative of private org’s –what is needed (human resources, technology, supplies); what is immediately available, acquisition processes, transportation (ground, sea, air), storage/depot issues, maximizing consistency as updates –donations management communications/data technology –communication infrastructure (technology) –mobile devices and communications -- interoperability (technology) –data interoperability, integration and fusion Systems robustness –communications, data, security, electric –redundancy, reliability, fallbacks interagency communications / policy, procedures, social/human issues –“nested business processes” (e.g., assuring public confidence, hierarchy and priority of processes that go into enabling transportation of assisted) –adapting organizational processes/reward structures to be more supportive to cooperating in an interdependent world –privacy (see also security) improving intergovernmental “orgware,” partnering arrangements... improving public/private coordination public/citizen communication (reaching people, identifying/reaching social groups, handling multicultural/multi-language issues, identifying leaders/spokespeople/stakeholders) knowledge base of “predictable aspects of unpredictable events” (e.g., behavior of social groups in buildings) large scale data (supply,...) –mining –quality and reliability –replacement/substitution of alternate sources when preferred not available –data level, grain size, and suitability for intended purpose (e.g., policy decision vs.operational action) problem definition, problem scoping (who’s affected) assessing consequences, exploring “alternative futures”, in real-time support for rapid development of consensus and decisionmaking under time pressure identifying and responding to crises for common, neglected situations: small gov’t organizations with limited resources, ports REALISTIC, HIGH-GRADE SECURITY (in balance with technology)

8. Cross-cutting Themes: Evaluation Criteria Taking advantage of diversity Identification / surfacing new information Institutionalizing crisis response as routine systemic response to “surge” requirements, not new Reducing overwhelming situations - reduction of overload situations Rapid, global analysis of situation (esp. supply system)

9. Other Comments / Questions / Issues Focus: Man-made (as opposed to natural) –terrorism –technological (oil spills, nuclear, industrial chemical, WMDs, cyber...) –both malicious and accidental Focus: Time frame –Contingency planning, Immediate response, Post-event mitigation, Mitigation lessons learned (transfer to other crises) Key questions to study closer: –Dimension of “roles”, who’s affected, who sets responsibilities –What were the failures? Need more data, study on the past cases –Need to understand interaction with regulatory and policy issues

10. Personal Comment The operator is king -- stay in contact The way to make a difference is to explore new concepts of operation –New technology –Inspired by, evaluated by new social science Making a difference because it gets usedMaking a difference because it gets used Which only happens if the operator is kingWhich only happens if the operator is king