1. { Models, Maps, & Systems

2. MODEL What is a model? A miniature representation of reality Other definitions of “model”: - an example for imitation or emulation - a person who poses for an artist - a description or analogy used to help visualize something - a system of postulates, data, and inferences

3.  71% water, 29% landmass  “Bumpy oblate spheroid”  Bumpy, because of the topography  Oblate, because spinning objects bulge slightly  Spheroid, because that’s what it most resembles!  Cartography, the art and science of map-making, helps us make sense of our world and the things in it. Our World!

4. Two major characteristics of maps as models: 1.: based upon latitude-longitude coordinates 1.Globe Grid: based upon latitude-longitude coordinates  latitude lines (parallels, 0-90) – decrease in length closer to poles  longitude lines (meridians 0-180) – converge at the poles  scale on Earth’s surface is same everywhere  Note: 180 degrees longitude is NOT the same as the International Date Line! 2.: making a flat map of a round surface 2.Map Projections: making a flat map of a round surface * All maps distort the globe grid properties * All maps distort the globe grid properties Maps as Models (miniature representations of spatial reality)

5. World Geographic Grid The world geographic grid consists of meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude. The prime meridian (0º) passes through Greenwich, England

6. I. Planar Projection II. Cylindrical III. Conic Projection (Azimuthal) Projection I. Planar Projection II. Cylindrical III. Conic Projection (Azimuthal) Projection

7. The Robinson Projection: A Nice Compromise

8.  http://education.nationalgeographic.com/educa tion/media/selecting-map-projection/?ar_a=1 http://education.nationalgeographic.com/educa tion/media/selecting-map-projection/?ar_a=1 http://education.nationalgeographic.com/educa tion/media/selecting-map-projection/?ar_a=1  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVX- PrBRtTY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVX- PrBRtTY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVX- PrBRtTY Maps are funky.

9. Which is the small- scale map? City of Edmonton Neighborhood in Edmonton

10. Reference Maps: simple physical information depicted, general purpose “What is there?” Topography, atlas maps, highway and city maps, etc. Two Types of Maps: Reference Maps & Thematic Maps

11. Examples of topographic maps (shows elevation through contour lines)

12. : more complicated information, such as population or educational level depicted Thematic Maps: more complicated information, such as population or educational level depicted Can be quantitative or qualitative. What’s the difference? How many vs. where Types of Thematic Maps: Choropleth maps – choro (regions) plethora (amount) Dot maps – depicts the level of occurrence Graduated circle maps – circles of different size show magnitude Isometric maps – shows changes by connected lines – scale based on statistical data Cartograms – scale based on statistical data

13. Choropleth!

14.  http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/03/10 /us/20090310-immigration-explorer.html?_r=0 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/03/10 /us/20090310-immigration-explorer.html?_r=0 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/03/10 /us/20090310-immigration-explorer.html?_r=0 Another cool choropleth!

15. Dot maps!

16. Graduate circle maps!

17. The growth of collegiate soccer Isometric maps!

18. Cartogram!

19. GIS & Remote Sensing GIS stores information about a location in several layers GIS (Geographic Information Systems): uses powerful computer programs to layer several sets of data remote sensing: satellites pictures used to layer data

20. Systems: Using Maps to Reveal Patterns system: a group of interrelated, interdependent, or interacting elements forming a collective entity

21. mental maps: representations of our own image of the world Mental maps (cognitive maps)

22. Wait… What kinds of maps were these again?