1. What can linguistics offer to education research? Susan Gerofsky EDCP, UBC Susan Gerofsky EDCP, UBC

2. Outline of linguistics The division between theoretical & applied linguistics (based on Saussurean langue and parole, and influenced by Chomsky) Descriptive (not prescriptive) Principle of language equality The division between theoretical & applied linguistics (based on Saussurean langue and parole, and influenced by Chomsky) Descriptive (not prescriptive) Principle of language equality

3. levels of analysis in theoretical linguistics Phonetic: sounds Phonemic: sounds distinguished within a language (determined via minimal pairs) Morphemic: meaningful ‘bits’ distinguished within a language Semantic/ lexical: words and their ‘fields of meaning’ Syntactic: the structure of phrases, clauses and sentences Phonetic: sounds Phonemic: sounds distinguished within a language (determined via minimal pairs) Morphemic: meaningful ‘bits’ distinguished within a language Semantic/ lexical: words and their ‘fields of meaning’ Syntactic: the structure of phrases, clauses and sentences

4. some examples: Phonetics: voice onset, aspiration for initial stops in English and Mandarin (tao, pang, bao...) Phonemes: [t] in Canadian English: teach, eaten, better, bet Morphemes: ‘in’ --> indubitably, impossible Semantics/ lexis: see the class reading on “just” Syntax: Word order vs. inflection, pre- vs. post-position. German ex.: "Wir gehen am Freitag miteinander ins Kino."We go on Friday together to the movies. Mandarin ex: “Women xingqi wu yao yikwar lai kan dianying” We on Friday are going together to see a movie. Phonetics: voice onset, aspiration for initial stops in English and Mandarin (tao, pang, bao...) Phonemes: [t] in Canadian English: teach, eaten, better, bet Morphemes: ‘in’ --> indubitably, impossible Semantics/ lexis: see the class reading on “just” Syntax: Word order vs. inflection, pre- vs. post-position. German ex.: "Wir gehen am Freitag miteinander ins Kino."We go on Friday together to the movies. Mandarin ex: “Women xingqi wu yao yikwar lai kan dianying” We on Friday are going together to see a movie.

5. applied Linguistics includes: psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, lexicography pragmatics, discourse analysis, L1 & L2 acquisition language pedagogy, bi/multilingualism, speech & language therapy, language assessment, language policies translation, literary linguistics, computer-mediated communication, cognitive science/ AI psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, lexicography pragmatics, discourse analysis, L1 & L2 acquisition language pedagogy, bi/multilingualism, speech & language therapy, language assessment, language policies translation, literary linguistics, computer-mediated communication, cognitive science/ AI

6. how can this help educators? As in the applied science, basic research helps give a truer analysis of ‘the way things are’ and ‘the way things work’, which improves the quality of the applications. Example from bilingualism studies (next slide...) As in the applied science, basic research helps give a truer analysis of ‘the way things are’ and ‘the way things work’, which improves the quality of the applications. Example from bilingualism studies (next slide...)

7. Some things linguists know about bi/multilingualism: Diglossia: different languages used by the same person for different purposes Simultaneous vs. sequential bilingualism Code-switching and language-switching Non-convergent bilingualism: Two people can speak together in different (but often related) languages Terms like ‘L1’/’mother tongue’, ‘fluent’, ‘bilingual’, ‘literate’ etc. are fraught and inadequate to describe many people’s language knowledge Questions of affect with L1 & L2 Losing and forgetting languages; pidgins, creoles, language loss Diglossia: different languages used by the same person for different purposes Simultaneous vs. sequential bilingualism Code-switching and language-switching Non-convergent bilingualism: Two people can speak together in different (but often related) languages Terms like ‘L1’/’mother tongue’, ‘fluent’, ‘bilingual’, ‘literate’ etc. are fraught and inadequate to describe many people’s language knowledge Questions of affect with L1 & L2 Losing and forgetting languages; pidgins, creoles, language loss