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Geologic Resources: Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 15 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 15 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College
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Nature and Formation of Mineral Resources Mineral resources Metallic Non-metallic Energy resources Magma Hydrothermal Weathering Fig. 15-2 p. 339
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Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Satellite imagery Aerial sensors (magnetometers) Gravity differences Core sampling Seismic surveys Chemical analysis of water and plants
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Removing Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Surface mining Subsurface mining Overburden Spoil Open-pit Dredging Strip mining Room and pillar Longwall Refer to Figs. 15-4 and 15-5, p. 341 and 342
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Environmental Effects of Extracting Mineral Resources Fig. 15-6 p. 343
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Environmental Effects of Processing Mineral Resources Ore mineral Gangue Tailings Smelting Fig. 15-7 p. 344 See Case Study p. 345
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Environmental Effects of Using Mineral Resources Disruption of land surface Subsidence Erosion of solid mining waste Acid mine drainage Air pollution Storage and leakage of liquid mining waste
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Supplies of Mineral Resources Economic depletion Depletion time Reserve-to-production ratio Foreign sources Economics Environmental concerns Mining the ocean Finding substitutes Fig. 15-9 p. 346
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Evaluating Energy Resources Renewable energy Non-renewable energy Future availability Net energy yield Cost Environmental effects Fig. 15-12 p. 351
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Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources Fig. 15-10 p. 350
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North American Energy Resources Fig. 15-20 p. 356
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Oil Petroleum (crude oil) Primary recovery Secondary recovery Tertiary recovery Petrochemicals Refining Transporting Fig. 15-18 p. 355
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Oil Shale and Tar Sands Oil shale Keragen Tar sand Bitumen Fig. 15-28 p. 361
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Natural Gas 50-90% methane Conventional gas Unconventional gas Methane hydrate Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Approximate 200 year supply Fig. 15-29 p. 362
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Coal Stages of coal formation Primarily strip-mined Used mostly for generating electricity Enough coal for about 1000 years Highest environmental impact Coal gasification and liquefaction
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Fig. 15-30 p. 363 Coal
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Burning Coal More Cleanly Fluidized-Bed Combustion Fig. 15-32 p. 364
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Nuclear Energy Fission reactors Uranium-235 Potentially dangerous Radioactive wastes Refer to Introductory Essay p. 338 Fig. 15-35 p. 366
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The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Fig. 15-36 p. 367
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Dealing with Nuclear Waste Low-level waste High-level waste Underground burial Disposal in space Burial in ice sheets Dumping into subduction zones Burial in ocean mud Conversion into harmless materials Fig. 15-40 p. 370
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Nuclear Alternatives Breeder nuclear fission reactors Nuclear fusion New reactor designs Storage Containers Fuel rod Primary canister Overpack container sealed Underground Buried and capped Ground Level Unloaded from train Lowered down shaft Personnal elevator Air shaft Nuclear waste shaft Fig. 15-42 p. 376
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Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 16 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 16 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College
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The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency Net useful energy Fig. 16-2 p. 381 Life cycle cost Least Efficient Incandescent lights Internal combustion engine Nuclear power plants
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Efficiencies (fig. 16-4 p. 382)
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Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency Insulation Elimination of air leaks Air to air heat exchangers Cogeneration Efficient electric motors High-efficiency lighting Increasing fuel economy
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Electric and Hybrid Cars Rechargeable battery systems Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine Fuel cells Fig. 16-10 p. 365
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Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity Passive solar heating Active solar heating Fig. 16-17 p. 394
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Using Solar Energy to Provide High- Temperature Heat and Electricity Solar thermal systems Photovoltaic (PV) cells Fig. 16-23 p. 398 Fig. 16-25 p. 400
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Producing Electricity from Moving Water Large-scale hydropower Small-scale hydropower Pumped-storage hydropower Tidal power plant Wave power plant
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Producing Electricity from Heat Stored in Water Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) Saline solar ponds Freshwater solar ponds
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Producing Electricity from Wind Fig. 16-28 p. 402 Fig. 16-29 p. 402
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Producing Energy from Biomass Biofuels Biomass plantations Crop residues Animal manure Biogas Ethanol Methanol Fig. 16-31 p. 404 Fig. 16-31 p. 404
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The Solar-Hydrogen Revolution Extracting hydrogen efficiently Storing hydrogen Fuel cells Fig. 16-33 p. 386
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Geothermal Energy Geothermal reservoirs Dry steam Wet steam Hot water Molten rock Hot dry-rock zones Fig. 16-36 p. 409
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Geothermal Reservoirs Fig. 16-37 p. 410
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Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower Centralized power systems Decentralized power systems Micropower systems Fig. 16-39 p. 411 Fig. 16-40 p. 411
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Solutions: A Sustainable Energy Strategy Fig. 16-44 p. 414
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