1. Investigating the Statistical Significance between Latitude and Day-Night Variation on Detection of Cosmic Rays using the HiSPARC Detectors Mohona Datta and Fiona Connolly

2. Hypothesis We hypothesise that there will be a difference in incidences of cosmic rays detected at higher and lower latitudes, and this may be due to the Sun.

3. The Detectors LATITUDE: 56.1674329° Aarhus University, Denmark LATITUDE:53.2375489789° Netherlands, Groningen LATITUDE:51.4579354° Bristol Grammar school, United Kingdom LATITUDE:51.3206534°Bouw ens van der Boije College, Netherlands LATITUDE: 51.26364162° Philips Van Horne 1, Netherlands

4. Method To find the Day Night variation, we took the Sum of the events 5 hours around Midday and 5 hours around Midnight This was done for one week and then the averages calculated

5. Method We worked out the Standard Deviation, Day Mean and Night Mean for each station Netherlands, Eindhoven, Weert

6. Results The Results for one week of analysis between two detectors was not statistically significant However we tried again for a month using the same two detectors in Denmark and the Netherlands

7. Results DenmarkNetherlands

8. Results However this was not reproducible when tested against detectors at a slightly lower latitude, or a different month of that year. Although not statistically significant due to there being many other factors that play into the detection of cosmic rays detected on Earth, we noticed a trend:

9. Bristol- Netherlands Difference Bristol University- Lower latitude Netherlands- Higher latitude

10. Computational Model The presence of the Sun deflects some muons away from the Earth’s surface, causing the Sun to act partially as a “shield”. However, less intuitively, the Sun’s magnetic field also causes many muons to be “lensed” towards the Earth’s surface too. Muons which are incident on the Sun from the approximate direction of Earth may also be deflected back towards the Earth’s surface as a result.

11. Computational Model

12. Thus, it is not immediately clear which of the Sun’s effects will be greater: the “shielding” effect” or the “lensing” effect. This was the justification for building the simulation. By solving the equations of Newton and Maxwell for the case of muons within the Earth-Sun system, it indicates that the lensing effect ultimately wins out.

13. Computational Model This results in a predicted higher incidence rate of cosmic muons on the Earth’s day side than its night side - an effect which will clearly be most significant at the equator, and which should disappear near the Earth’s poles (where there is no longer any well-defined day/night side).

14. Secondary data: 2013 Study on the Sun’s cosmic ray shadow

15. Limitations and Explanations There was not a great difference between our highest and lowest latitude- – A difference of 5° We know a lot of other factors, such as atmospheric pressure, have a strong correlation with the detection of these events. We had no way of telling the difference between detectors that are detecting more particles, and detectors that are just more sensitive; i.e. set to pick up a greater range of voltages. The data we analysed was from 2013, which may be an anomalous year…

16. 2013 Solar Maximum New Scientist,. 'Sluggish Sun May 'Sit Out' Next Solar Cycle'. N.p., 2015. Web. 4 July 2015.

17. Bibliography Simulation by Jonathan Gorard, 2015 New Scientist,. 'Sluggish Sun May 'Sit Out' Next Solar Cycle‘: Web. New Scientist,. 'Sun's Cosmic Ray Shadow Is Solar Storm Predictor‘: Web. 'Synopsis: Catching Rays In The Sun’s Shadow'. Physics (2013): Web. Google Maps plotting tool, detector locations Maria Pavlidou