1. BIOC/DENT/PHCY 230 LECTURE 1

3. Overview of Metabolism Metabolism:sum total of reactions Catabolism:breakdown of polymers and macromolecules Anabolism:synthesis of macromolecules and polymers

4. Energy homeostasis: Extraction Storage Regulation

5. Hormonal regulation of metabolism Insulin Glucagon Growth Hormone Cortisol Adrenaline Thyroid hormone PEPTIDE STEROID AMINO ACID DERIVED

6. T3T3 T4T4 Thyroid Hormones Increase metabolic rate Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis & hormone sensitive lipase activity Synthesised in thyroid gland Requires protein (thyroglobulin) and iodide 75% of thyroid protein is thyroglobulin Gland epithelia have Na/I symporter II IIII I I H2O2H2O2

7. CHOLESTEROL CORTISOL Glucocorticoid gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, lipolysis, liver protein and RNA synthesis cortisol aldosterone

8. Glucocorticoid Receptor

10. Both cortisol and T 3 affect transcription transcortin cortisol T 4 binding globulin T3T3 T4T4 PLASMATARGET CELL CORTISOL CR T3T3 ITBP THR

11. Carbohydrate metabolism:

12. Glucose as a fuel Tissue usage:all tissues, brain and RBC are obligate users Dietary forms:mono- and disaccharides, glycogen, starch, cellulose Stored as :glycogen Processed by:glycolysis, CAC, ETC

13. GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE MANNOSE GLYCEROL

14. Strategy of glycolysis Splitting reaction

15. Energy investment 6 carbon 3 carbon Cost = 2ATP

16. Energy generation x2 Yield = 4 ATP Net = 2 ATP

19. Fates of pyruvate pyruvate +O 2 -O 2 CAC,ETCfermentation

20. animals lactate

21. yeast ethanol

22. O COO - CH 3 C + NADH + H + OH COO - CH 3 C H+ NAD + pyruvatelactate LDH oxidisedreduced oxidisedreduced

23. THE TAKE HOME MESSAGE Metabolism can be hormonally regulated Glucose is a major fuel Glucose can yield energy via glycolysis The end products of glycolysis can be metabolised either anaerobically or aerobically