1. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 2 Drafting the Constitution Understand the reasons leaders called for the Constitutional Convention. Summarize the rival plans of government proposed at the convention. Describe the compromises made in order to reach agreement on the Constitution. Objectives

2. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 1. What new system of national government did the delegates agree upon at the Constitutional Convention of 1787? The delegates agreed to adopt a system that divided power between the federal government and state governments; the federal government would have three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch would be bicameral, with one house’s representation based on a state’s population and the other house’s representation equal for all states. A strong President would head the executive branch, and federal courts would make up the judicial branch. 2. What were some of the characteristics of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention? All the delegates were white males, many were wealthy, and more than half were lawyers. Many helped write their state constitutions, and seven had served as governors of their states. Some had fought in the American Revolution, and eight had signed the Declaration of Independence. 3. What were the differences between the Virginia and New Jersey plans? The Virginia Plan divided power among three branches—legislative, executive, and judicial. The plan had proposed a bicameral legislature in which states with larger populations would have more seats than states with fewer residents. The legislature would have the power to veto state laws. A strong President would head the executive branch. The New Jersey Plan proposed a unicameral legislature in which all states had equal representation. An executive committee would head the government, not a President. The New Jersey plan recognized the states’ sovereignty. 4. What was the significance of the Three-Fifths Compromise? Under the compromise, a state could count a slave as three-fifths of a person; the increase in population resulted in additional seats in Congress and additional electoral votes. This worked to the advantage of the southern states, giving them more power in presidential elections. Drafting the Constitution

3. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 2 Drafting the Constitution

4. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 By 1787 most citizens agreed that the Articles were flawed and needed at least two major changes: In May, delegates from 12 states met in Philadelphia to propose Amendments to the Articles. The power to regulate interstate and international commerce The power to tax

5. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 53 of the nation’s top leaders convened at the Pennsylvania State House. Most helped to write their state constitutions. Most were rich. All were white males. 21 fought in the Revolution. 8 were signers of the Declaration of Independence.

6. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Missing: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. They were serving as diplomats in Europe. George Washington was chosen as president of the Convention. James Madison Roger Sherman George Mason Elbridge Gerry William Paterson James Wilson John Dickinson Charles Pinckney Benjamin Franklin Alexander Hamilton Edmund Randolph Gouverneur Morris Leaders present: Who came?

7. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Alexander Hamilton advocated a powerful central government. Ben Franklin contributed experience, wisdom, and prestige. Framers of the Constitution

8. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Called the Father of the Constitution, James Madison already had a plan of government in mind. Called the Father of our Country, George Washington attracted crowds when he arrived in Philadelphia. Framers of the Constitution

9. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Hamilton and Madison emerged as leaders. Conservative; he feared too much democracy Favored a balance of aristocracy, monarchy, and republicanism Alexander Hamilton James Madison Favored a large republic with diverse interests to preserve the common good Favored a system where different interests would “check” each other’s power to ensure liberty

10. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 A strong federal government with power to tax, regulate commerce, and veto state laws A Senate and a House of Representatives, both based on population A strong President to command the military and manage foreign relations James Madison proposed his Virginia Plan:

11. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 An executive by committee rather than one leader A unicameral legislature with one vote per state regardless of population States retain sovereignty except for a few powers granted to the federal government William Patterson proposed the New Jersey Plan:

12. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Roger Sherman proposed The Great Compromise to break the impasse: Two Houses in Congress: The lower house was based on a state’s population. In the upper house, each state had two senators. A system of federalism: Power would be divided between the federal government and the states. Certain powers, such as issuing money, were forbidden to states.

13. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Southern states feared larger free states would dominate Congress and threaten slavery. They saw slavery as essential for their economy and demanded protections in the Constitution. Delegates from Georgia and South Carolina threatened to walk out. Slavery proved to be a divisive issue.

14. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 A slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in Congress and electoral votes for presidential elections. Importation of slaves could not be forbidden for twenty years. Northern states could not pass laws to help runaway slaves. Solution: Three-fifths Compromise

15. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Southerners such as Charles C. Pinckney feared the inclusion of anti-slavery phrases, such as “all men are by nature free.” No Bill of Rights George Mason Edmund Randolph Elbridge Gerry, who called it “flawed” Some delegates refused to sign in protest:

16. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 39 delegates signed and the Constitution was sent to the states for ratification. On September 17 th ; 42 delegates remained at the convention. Alexander Hamilton accepted the Constitution as the only alternative to “anarchy and convulsion.”

17. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Section Review Know It, Show It Quiz QuickTake Quiz