1. Tuesday, A[pril 15 th Warm-up – page 178 W-U: Explain how a hurricane forms? Where do they form? Why do they form there? Please have out: - beginning of class supplies

2. Notes: Thunderstorms pg 187  Thunderstorm: a disturbance in the atmosphere that involves lightning, thunder, and sometimes gusty surface winds with heavy rain and hail  Cumulonimbus: A very large thundercloud capable of producing large amounts of rain and lightning  Downdraft: wind that blows straight down in a storm. Can be caused by large amounts of rain  Thunderstorms can form at a cold front when the cool dry air from Canada meets warm moist air from the Gulf of Mexico

3. How are thunderstorms formed?

4. Tornadoes: pg 189  Tornado: A violent windstorm that spirals around a rotating column of air (the vortex) and moves in a narrow path over land  Waterspout: A tornado that forms over water  Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale): The scale scientists use to measure the damage caused by tornadoes (EF 0 causes the least damage, EF 5 causes the most damage)  More tornadoes occur in the month of May than any other month  Most tornadoes occur in “Tornado Alley.”

5. Scale Wind speed Relative frequency Potential damage mphkm/h EF0 105– 137  ___________________________________________________  Peels surface off some roofs; some damage to gutters or siding; branches broken off trees; shallow-rooted trees pushed over.  Confirmed tornadoes with no reported damage (i.e., those that remain in open fields) are always rated EF0. EF1 138– 178  __________________________________________________  Roofs severely stripped; mobile homes overturned or badly damaged; loss of exterior doors; windows and other glass broken. EF2 179– 218  __________________________________________________  Roofs torn off well-constructed houses; foundations of frame homes shifted; mobile homes completely destroyed; large trees snapped or uprooted; light-object missiles generated; cars lifted off ground. EF3 219– 266  _________________________________________________  Entire stories of well-constructed houses destroyed; severe damage to large buildings such as shopping malls; trains overturned; trees debarked; heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown; structures with weak foundations blown away some distance. EF4 267– 322  __________________________________________________  Well-constructed houses and whole frame houses completely leveled; cars thrown and small missiles generated. EF5 >322  __________________________________________________  Strong frame houses leveled off foundations and swept away; steel- reinforced concrete structures critically damaged; high-rise buildings have severe structural deformation. 65 - 85 86 - 110 111 - 135 136 - 165 166 - 200 >200 53.5% 31.6% 10.7% 3.4% 0.7% <0.1% MINOR DAMAGE MODERATE DAMAGE CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE SEVERE DAMAGE EXTREME DAMAGE MASSIVE DAMAGE

6. EF5 – Moore 2013

11. Hurricanes: pg 191  Hurricanes: Massive rotating storms that form when warm moist air rises over tropical waters.  Eye: The center of the hurricane of extreme low air pressure  Typhoon: a hurricane that forms in the western Pacific Ocean  Cyclone: a hurricane that forms in the Indian Ocean and off the coast of Australia  Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale: The scale scientists use to measure the damage caused by hurricanes (category 1 causes the least damage, category 5 causes the most damage)

12. Hurricanes cont.  Hurricanes spin because the Earth rotates  Hurricanes in the northern hemisphere always rotate counter-clockwise  Hurricanes that form in the Atlantic Ocean tend to move northwest due to prevailing winds

14. Hurricane Sandy - 2012 Hurricane Sandy Hurricane Sandy Hurricane Sandy Hurricane Sandy

15. Hurricane Sandy Storm Surge

16. Hurricane Sandy Before and after pictures Before and after pictures Before and after pictures Before and after pictures

17. Hurricane names There are six lists of names in use for storms in the Atlantic. These lists rotate, one each year; the list of this year's names will not be reused for six years. The names get recycled each time the list comes up, with one exception: storms so devastating that reusing the name is inappropriate. In this case, the name is taken off the list and another name is used to replace it; there will not be another Hurricane Andrew, because Andrew has been replace by Alex on the list.

18. 2014 Hurricane Names Arthur Bertha Cristobal Dolly Edouard Fay Gonzalo Hanna Isaias Josephine Kyle Laura Marco Nana Omar Paulette Rene Sally Teddy Vicky Wilfred

19. Reading and Notes 1. Skim pages 20 – 24 in the green catastrophic book. Add any additional information to your notes from the reading 2. Process your 3 pages of notes 3. Summarize EACH page of notes in 20 words. 4. On page 186 – Create a 3 circle Venn Diagram. Compare and Contrast: –Thunderstorms –Tornadoes –Hurricanes

20. Fist to 5 closure – page 178 What level on the scale are you right now? Explain why you chose that number. What level on the scale are you right now? Explain why you chose that number.