1. Animal Behavior Chapter 51

2. Behavior Animal responds to stimuli Food odor Singing

3. Ethology Study of patterns of animal behaviors in nature

4. Ethology Proximate causation How the behavior works?? Ultimate causation What is the adaptive value to this behavior??

5. Behavioral ecology Study of the ecological & evolutionary basis for animal behavior Study of how natural selection shapes behavior

6. Innate Behavior Developmentally fixed behaviors Preset behaviors Individuals in a species respond similarly Geese retrieving eggs

7. Innate behaviors Fixed action pattern: Sequence of unlearned behavioral acts that are unchanged Carried to completion Sign stimulus (key stimulus) Triggers the behavior

8. Fixed action pattern Stickleback fish

9. Innate Behavior Fixed-Action Pattern: Begging behavior of new chicks Raised heads, open mouths, loud cheeps Sign stimulus: Parent landing at the nest.

10. Behavior Taxis: Movement towards or away from stimuli Positive taxis: Towards a stimulus Negative taxis: Away from a stimulus Kineses: +/- nonspecific movement due to stimuli

11. Migratory behavior Migration: Long distant change in location

12. Migratory behavior Orientation: Following a bearing Navigation: Ability to adjust that bearing

13. Communication Signal: Behavior causes a change in another animals behavior Communication: Reception & response of a signal Auditory, visual, olfactory(chemical), tactile signal

14. Courtship Leads to potential mates Species-specific

15. Courtship

16. Bird of paradise

17. Fruit Fly courtship Orienting Tapping “Singing” 1 2 3

18. Honeybees Waggle dance

19. Pheromones Chemical signals Animal communication Mating behaviors. Territorial behaviors

20. Pheromones Minnows before alarm Minnows after alarm 1 2

21. Pheromones

22. Learning Modification of behavior based on experiences Non-associative learning: Simple No association between two stimuli Between a stimulus & response

23. Habituation Loss of responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli.

24. Imprinting Sensitive period (critical period) Soon after hatching Important for normal parent/child behaviors Stimulation necessary for normal behavior Premies Sexual behavior-mating

25. Imprinting ( Konrad Lorenz)

26. Spatial learning Memory based on environmental clues Digger wasps

27. Learning Associative learning: Association between two stimulus Stimulus & a response Behavior is modified (conditioned) through association

28. Associative learning

29. Classical conditioning Operant conditioning

30. Classical conditioning Pairing of two different stimuli Ivan Pavlov Dogs Food, salivate Ring bell at same time Dog learned to salivate with bell ringing

31. Operant conditioning Associate behavioral response with a reward or punishment Trial & error B.F. Skinner “Skinner box” Rats would bump lever, food came out Learned to hit lever to get food

32. Operant Conditioning

33. Cognitive behavior Ability of the animal’s nervous system to perceive, store, process Use information gathered by sensory receptors

34. Cognitive behavior Chimpanzee Nuts Bugs

35. Vervet monkeys and alarm calls

36. Imprinting Cognition Spatial learning Associative learning Social learning Forms of learning and problem solving

37. Forging Behavior Obtaining food at the least expense Energy efficient Food vs safety Food vs mating Food vs protection

38. Territoriality Defends an area Usually excludes members of own species. Exclusive rights Food, mating

39. Gannet

40. Cheetah

42. Reproductive strategies Set of behaviors evolved to give maximum reproduction Food source Nesting sites Members of opposite sex

43. Mating relationships (a) Monogamy (b) Polygyny(c) Polyandry

44. Jaw fish

45. Sea elephant

46. Altruism Benefits others at the cost of individual