1. IWM 14 Information Architecture: Designing Navigation

2. Classification to navigation Mapping from raw information collections to pages, with labelling, must be designed to support user navigation (and printing) Some issues : Hypertext linking Separate pages vs scrolling long page Page length > page design

3. Page Dimensions

6. Page Length

9. What’s meant by navigation? “exploiting Web site’s structure and content to find, browse and explore information”

10. Navigation Systems Global (site-wide) navigation systems Local (sub-site) navigation systems Supplementary navigation systems Tables of contents/site maps. Site indexes. Guides and guided tours. Give flexibility and user control without confusing user through too much choice

11. Navigation Systems Navigation systems need to: Provide context (Where am I?) Provide flexibility (Where can I go?) Avoid wasting user’s time (Why should I go there? What will I find?) Provide guidance (How can I get there? And get back to here?)

12. How does navigation work in real life? following road signs “automatic pilot” landmarks maps ask guide/take guided tour follow step by step directions

13. How does “navigation” work in spatial environments? use map or floorplan look for signs use a classification system, e.g. Dewey Decimal go to favourite section use computerised search use recommendation ask guide/take guided tour ask librarian or ask other user go to the place marked for you, e.g. research students only go where you see other students from course

14. Translate into Web navigation aids? navigation buttons = directions to sections/areas sitemaps home as landmark breadcrumb trails guided tours user group areas graphically distinguished areas

15. How does “navigation” work in paper information sources? using table of contents using index flicking through pages using tabs, coloured sections ask guide/take guided tour using turned down pages, bookmarks looking for “landmark” e.g. photo inserts how much has been read so far?

16. Lands’ End Catalog

17. An implicit architecture 64 1 23 1819 3435 1011 2627 4243 5657 45 2021 3637 5051 1213 2829 4445 5859 67 2223 3839 5253 1415 3031 4647 6061 89 2425 4041 5455 1617 3233 4849 6263 showcase kids women unisex men women

18. Lands’ End Catalog An alternative view 64 1 23 1819 3435 1011 2627 4243 5657 45 2021 3637 5051 1213 2829 4445 5859 67 2223 3839 5253 1415 3031 4647 6061 89 2425 4041 5455 1617 3233 4849 6263 kids cool-weather casual dressy summer casual spring casual special purposeshoes

19. Lands’ End Catalog page 4 page 15 page 51 repetition

20. Lands’ End Catalog 64 1 23 1819 3435 1011 2627 4243 5657 45 2021 3637 5051 1213 2829 4445 5859 67 2223 3839 5253 1415 3031 4647 6061 89 2425 4041 5455 1617 3233 4849 6263 repetition

21. Lands’ End Catalog Reference and redirection

22. 64 1 23 1819 3435 1011 2627 4243 5657 45 2021 3637 5051 1213 2829 4445 5859 67 2223 3839 5253 1415 3031 4647 6061 89 2425 4041 5455 1617 3233 4849 6263 Lands’ End Catalog Reference and redirection

23. Translate into Web navigation aids? favourites/bookmarks back go to previous site = breadcrumb trail url of linked site displayed at bottom of screen directory structure, e.g. alphabetical search visited links

24. Building context branding navigation needs to present structure of information hierarchy plan that any page could be the first page for users reaching the site from a search engine give url on page use breadcrumb technique, e.g. my studies/IS355/course material use meaningful URLs and page titles

25. Building flexibility hierarchies can be very restrictive direct links can allow user to move around at will - but can be complex yx

26. Building flexibility hierarchies can be very restrictive direct links can allow user to move around at will - but can be complex yxyx

27. Building flexibility often via in-text hyperlinks users often don’t see them if they’re important, may be better to group them in indented list, e.g. The three best team names in the UK: – Heart of Midlothian – Accrington Stanley – Hamilton Academicals

28. Building flexibility Just make sure their meanings are obvious: The SAC was set up in 1999 by UBSU. We can advise you on topics such as unreturned deposits, properties in need of repair and any situation where you think you are being treated unfairly. The information on these pages is only intended as a guide; if you need further information or advice, please contact us.

29. Global systems Site wide system, normally with main sections, referenced on every page via a navigation bar with buttons or tabs

30. Explicit architecture Architecture that is made apparent to the user Very common for information retrieval tasks Labels can serve to make architecture explicit But explicitness doesn’t ensure clarity Example: homesolutionsresourceschannels

31. Headers & footers

32. Local systems subsites may need special treatment and may not fit the global navigation pattern often expected by user, e.g. U of Brighton faculty sites or course database; product catalogue within large e-commerce site needs to be integrated into global navigation system, e.g. link to Home, contact, etc should be same.

33. Integrated navigation elements Navigation bars – text vs graphical? – button or (expanding) menu? – side vs top vs bottom of screen? – current page? Frames – real estate – the page model – ever tinier page displays

34. Supplemental navigation elements Table of contents Index Site Map Guided tour Site search

35. Supplemental Navigation Facilities Table of Contents/Site Map Reflects site’s organisation system (mental model). Gives reassurance of completeness Site Index Flattens organisation system (greater granularity). Supports known-item searching. Often not directly available - use via search facility

36. Supplemental Navigation Facilities Guided Tour Highlights a few of the site’s resources for a specific audience, topic, or task. Good for introducing users to especially relevant aspect of the site’s content.

37. Searching Systems “Search is one of the most important user interface elements in any large web site...Our usability studies show that more than half of all users are search-dominant.” (Jakob Nielsen) But don’t take user off site Think about scoped search