1. Electric Cars By: Vahid Akhavan

2. What are they? Electric Vehicle Hybrid Gas/Electric Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

3. New Technology? 1834, First EV by Thomas Davenport 1874, First Rechargeable EV 1894, Morris and Salom’s Electrobat 1898-1902, Electric cars held the land speed record 2 1900, 38% of 4200 automobiles sold in US were EVs (22% ICV, and 40% Steam) 1911, Kettering Invented the starter

4. New Life 1976, EV Research, Development and Demonstration Act 1990, GE Introduces the Impact 2001, Mass Production of Reva (65 km/h, 80 km, $5000 MSRP) 2003, Tzero Introduced 0-60mph in 3.6 seconds 280-300 miles, $220k 3

5. Batteries Pb-Acid battery: Cheap, Mature Technology –(1860), V cell = 2 V, E sp = 35 Wh/kg, P sp = 200 W/kg Nickel based: Proven Technology, Good Performance –(1920), Ni-Cd, V cell = 1.2 V, E sp = 56 Wh/kg, P sp = 225 W/kg –(1930), Ni-Zn, V cell = 1.6 V, E sp = 60 Wh/kg, P sp = 300 W/kg –(1992), Ni-MH, V cell = 1.2 V, E sp = 65 Wh/kg, P sp = 200 W/kg Metal/Air: Inexhaustible Positive Electrode –Zn/Air, V cell = 1.2 V, E sp = 180 Wh/kg, P sp = 95 W/kg –Al/Air, V cell = 1.4 V, E sp = 250 Wh/kg, P sp = 7 W/kg Sodium-ß: High T op, Great Preformance –Na/S, V cell = 2 V, E sp = 100 Wh/kg, P sp = 200 W/kg –Na/NiCl 2, V cell = 2.5 V, E sp = 86 Wh/kg, P sp = 150 W/kg Lithium Based: Easily Recharged, Light, Expensive –Li-Polymer, V cell = 3 V, E sp = 155 Wh/kg, P sp = 315 W/kg –(1991), Li-Ion, V cell = 4 V, E sp = 120 Wh/kg, P sp = 260 W/kg

6. Environmental Cure? High Pollution Electric Power Generation Battery Recycle Not Popular –Reliability –Size of Battery

7. Costs Battery costs $120-1200/kWh Limiting the size of the battery Leads to two ideas –Gas/Hybrid Electric Vehicles (Prius 1.3kWh) –Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (≈ 9kWh)

8. Hybrid Setup

9. Current HybridPlug-in hybrid Compact Sedan: Saturn (base cost: $14,000) Miles per gallon improvement:21%56% Carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) reduction:21%40% Nitric oxide (smog contributor) reduction:10%32% Cost gap over non-hybrid is at least:$2,500$4,500 Percentage cost increase over non-hybrid is at least18%32% Mid-Size SUV: Explorer (base cost: $31,000) Miles per gallon improvement:31%60% Carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) reduction:31%46% Nitric oxide (smog contributor) reduction:19%37% Cost gap over non-hybrid is at least:$4,000$6,400 Percentage cost increase over non-hybrid is at least13%21% 4

10. Government Involvement 1976, EV Research, Development and Demonstration Act 1990, California Air Resources Board Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV) –2% of all vehicles ZEV by 1998 –10% ZEV by 2003 HEV Federal Tax Deduction Participation by City Governments –50 City Plan >> Plug-in Austin

11. Plug-in Austin Non-peak Battery Generation Schedule Government Purchases of PHEV Petition Automakers for Commercially Available PHEVs $6/gal to be Economical

12. References Cited 1.United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. www.fueleconomy.govwww.fueleconomy.gov 2.“Electric Cars in the Victorian Age” http://home.netcom.com/~jskipper/victoria/200001/electricar.html http://home.netcom.com/~jskipper/victoria/200001/electricar.html 3.Lienert, Dan. “The World’s Fastest Electric Car”. Forbes. Oct, 2003 http://www.forbes.com/lifestyle/collecting/2003/10/21/cx_dl_1021vow.html http://www.forbes.com/lifestyle/collecting/2003/10/21/cx_dl_1021vow.html 4.“All About conventional and plug-in Hybrids” CalCars’ Vehicles. http://www.calcars.org/vehicles.html http://www.calcars.org/vehicles.html 5.Plug-in Austin. http://www.pluginaustin.comhttp://www.pluginaustin.com 6.“Hybrid Vehicle Registrations”. FreedomCAR & Vehicle Technologies Program. http://www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2004/fcvt_fotw322.shtml http://www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2004/fcvt_fotw322.shtml 7.Chan, C.C. Chau, K.T. “Modern Electric Vehicle Technology”. Oxford Science Publications. 2001