1. URINARY SYSTEM

2. FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM FILTERING BLOOD & EXCRETION OF WASTES REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME & BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION OF SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS & OSMOLARIY OF THE BLOOD REGULATION OF p H REGULATION OF RBC SYNTHESIS ERYTHROPOEITIN &VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS GLUCONEOGENESIS

3. URINARY SYSTEM KIDNEYS URETER BLADDER URETHRA

4. KIDNEYS RETROPERITONEAL POSTERIOR WALL OF ABDOMINAL CAVITY CAPPED BY ADRENAL GLAND RIGHT KIDNEY LOWER THAN LEFT

5. TISSUES COVERING THE KIDNEYS RENAL CAPSULE PERIRENAL FAT RENAL FASCIA

6. RENAL HILUS INDENTATION VESSELS ENTER AND LEAVE KIDNEY HERE URETERS LEAVE HERE

7. RENAL SINUS HILUS OPENS TO FORM THIS SPACE

8. REGIONS OF THE KIDNEYS CORTEX MEDULLA PELVIS

9. CORTEX OUTERMOST LAYER JUST DEEP TO RENAL CAPSULE

10. RENAL COLUMNS EXTENSIONS OF CORTEX THAT EXTEND INTO MEDULLA CONTAIN BLOOD SUPPLY FOR CORTEX AND MEDULLA

11. MEDULLA DEEP TO CORTEX UP TO 18 RENAL PYRAMIDS

12. RENAL PYRAMIDS PAPILLAE EXTEND TOWARD RENAL PELVIS PROJECT INTO MINOR CALYX (13) WHICH EMPTIES INTO MAJOR CALYX(2 OR 3) MAJOR CALYCES JOIN TO MAKE RENAL PELVIS

13. FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF KIDNEY NEPHRONS OVER 1 MILLION PER KIDNEY JUXTAGLOMERULARY NEPHRONS CORTICAL NEPHRONS

14. ANATOMY OF A NEPHRON RENAL CORPUSCLE RENAL TUBULE

15. RENAL CORPUSCLE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE GLOMERULAUS

16. ANATOMY OF THE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE PARIETAL LAYER –SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM –BECOMES CUBE SHAPED NEAR PROXIMAL TUBULE VISCERAL LAYER –SPECIALIZED PODOCYTES –COVERS GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES

17. ANATOMY OF THE GLOMERULUS FENSTRATED CAPILLARY FILTRATION SLITS FILTRATION MEMBRANE –ENDOTHELIUM –BASEMENT MEMBRANE –PODOCYTES OF BOWMAN’S CAPSULE

18. GLOMERULAR BLOOD SUPPLY AFFERENT ARTERIOLE –SUPPLIES BLOOD TO GLOMERULUS EFFERENT ARTERIOLE –CARRIES BLOOD AWAY FROM GLOMERULUS

19. JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS SMOOTH MUSCLE LINING BOTH ARTERIOLES

20. MACULA DENSA SPECIALIZED TUBULE CELLS

21. JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS COUPLING OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND MACULA DENSA CELLS

22. RENAL TUBULES PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE LOOP OF HENLE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES COLLECTING DUCTS

23. PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE 14 MM LONG 60 MICRONS IN DIAMETER SIMPLE CUBOIDAL MICROVILLI BASEMENT MEMBRANE FORMS OUTER PORTION OF TUBULE

24. LOOPS OF HENLE NEPHRONIC LOOPS DESCENDING LIMB ASCENDING LIMB

25. DESCENDING LOOP OF HENLE FIRST PART SIMILAR IN STRUCTURE TO PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE LOOPS THAT EXTEND INTO MEDULLA BECOME VERY THIN AT END OF LOOP LUMEN OF NARROWED LOOP BECOMES SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

26. ASCENDING LOOP FIRST PORTION THIN –SIMPLE SQUAMOUS LATER PORTIONS BECOMES THICKER –SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

27. DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE SHORTER THAN PROXIMAL ARISES NEAR MACULA DENSA SIMPLE CUBOIDAL –SMALLER –LITTLE MICROVILLI CONNECT WITH COLLECTING DUCTS

28. COLLECTING DUCTS SIMPLE CUBOIDAL LARGER DIAMETER MAKE UP MUCH OF MEDULLARY RAYS EXEND THROUGH MEDULLA TO TIPS OF PYRAMIDS

29. BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE KIDNEYS

30. ARTERIES ABDOMINAL AORTA RENAL ARTERY SEGMENTAL INTERLOBAR ARTERY ARCUATE ARTERY INTERLOBULAR ARTERY

31. ARTERIOLES AND CAPILLARIES AFFERENT ARTERIOLE GLOMERULUS EFFERENT ARTERIOLE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES –VASA RECTA

32. VEINS INTERLOBULAR VEINS ARCUATE VEINS INTERLOBAR VEINS RENAL VEIN INFERIOR VENA CAVA

33. ANATOMY OF THE URETERS

34. MUCOSAL LAYER –TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM MUSCULAR LAYER –PERISTALTIC CONTRACTIONS FIBROUS LAYER

35. ANATOMY OF THE URINARY BLADDER RETROPERITONEAL ENTERS BLADDER ON POSTERIOR LATERAL SURFACE TRAVELS OBLIQUELY THROUGH WALL VALVE LIKE FOLDS AT ORIFICE PREVENTS BACKFLOW

36. URINARY BLADDER HOLLOW MUSCULAR ORGAN STORES URINE RESTS ON PELVIC FLOOR RETROPERITONEAL ANTERIOR SURFACE BEHIND SYMPHYSIS

37. MALE ANATOMY IN FRONT OF RECTUM

38. FEMALE ANATOMY IN FRONT OF VAGINA AND UTERUS

39. BLADDER ANATOMY SPHERICAL WHEN FULL INVERTED PYRAMID WHEN EMPTY MUCOUS MEMBRANE –TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM THREE LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

40. TRIGONE TRIANGULAR AREA WHERE MUCOUS MEMBRANE FIRMLY ATTACHED URETERS ENTER HERE URETHRA LEAVES HERE

41. VOLUMES AND PRESSURES AS FILLS INTITIAL RISE IN PRESSURE REMAINS RELATIVELY CONSTANT UP TO 300-400 MLs RISES RAPIDLY AFTER THIS MAXIMUM 600-800 MLs

42. URETHRA MUSCULAR TUBE MUCOUS MEMBRANE INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER –SMOOTH MUSCLE UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER –SKELETAL MUSCLE urogenital

43. FEMALE URETHRA 4 CM LONG RUNS ALONG ANTERIOR SURFACE OF VAGINA EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE BETWEEN CLITORIS AND VAGINAL ORIFICE

44. MALE URETHRA 20 CM EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE PROSTATIC URETHRA MEMBRANOUS URETHRA SPONGY URETHRA

45. PROSTATIC URETHRA PASSES THROUGH PROSTATE RECEIVES EJACULATORY DUCTS USED FOR BOTH REPRODUCTION AND URINE TRANSPORT

46. MEMBRANOUS URETHRA SHORT PORTION PASSES THROUGH UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM

47. SPONGY URETHRA LONGEST PORTION FROM UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM TO EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE DILATES IN GLANS PENIS TO FORM FOSSA NAVICULARIS RECEIVES BULBOURETHRAL GLAND DUCTS PASSES THROUGH CORPUS SPONGIOUSUM