1. Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2012

2. Biopsychology Domain

3. Biological Bases of Behavior

4. The Nervous System and the Endocrine System Module 04

5. Module Overview Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous SystemNeurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System How Neurons Communicate The Structure of the Nervous System The Endocrine System Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

6. Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

7. Nervous System The electrochemical communication system of the body Sends messages from the brain to the body for movement Brings information to the brain from the senses

8. Neuron A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. Neurons perform three basic tasks –Receive information –Carry the information –Pass the information on to the next neuron

9. Parts of the Neuron

10. Parts of the Neuron - Dendrites Dendrite – The branching extensions of a neuron that receive information and conduct impulses toward the cell body (soma).

11. Parts of the Neuron - Soma Soma – The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell healthy

12. Parts of the Neuron - Axon Axon – The extension of a neuron through which neural impulses are sent.

13. Parts of the Neuron – Myelin Sheath Myelin Sheath – protects the axon and influences the speed of the neural impulse.

14. Parts of the Neuron - Terminals Axon terminals – The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored.

15. How Neurons Communicate Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

16. How Neurons Communicate: The Neural Impulse Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

17. Action Potential A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron. Considered an “on” condition of the neuron

18. Action Potential

19. Refractory Period The “recharging phase” during which a a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential Once the refractory period is complete the neuron can fire again

20. Refractory Period

21. Resting Potential The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential. The neuron is set and ready to fire

22. Resting Potential

23. All-or-None Principle The principle stating that if a neuron fires, then it always fires at the same intensity; all action potentials have the same strength. A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires.

24. How Neurons Communicate: Communication Between Neurons Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

25. Synapse The tiny, fluid-filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another. The action potential cannot jump the gap

26. Neurotransmitters A chemical messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next and influences whether a neuron will generate an action potential.

27. Neurotransmitters

31. Excitatory Effect A neurotransmitter effect that makes it more likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “fire.” The second neuron is more likely to fire.

32. Inhibitory Effect A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “fire.” The second neuron is less likely to fire.

33. How Neurons Communicate: The Neural Chain Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

34. Receptor Cells Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials (neural impulses) that the brain can process. Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a neural impulse the brain understands.

35. Sensory Nerves Nerves that carry information from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain. Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord

36. Interneurons Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information. Related to sensory input and motor output

37. Motor Nerves Nerves that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of your body

38. A Neural Chain

43. The Structure of the Nervous System Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

44. The Nervous System

45. Central Nervous System (CNS) The brain and spinal cord. The brain is the location of most information processing. The spinal cord is the main pathway to and from the brain.

46. Divisions of the Nervous System

47. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The sensory and motor nerves that connect the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body. Peripheral means “outer region” The system is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

48. Divisions of the Nervous System

49. Somatic Nervous System The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Contains the motor nerves needed for the voluntary muscles

50. Divisions of the Nervous System

51. Autonomic Nervous System The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs; its subdivisions are the sympathetic (arousing) division and the parasympathetic (calming) division. Monitors the autonomic functions Controls breathing, blood pressure, and digestive processes

52. Divisions of the Nervous System

53. Sympathetic Nervous System The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats. Fight or flight response

54. Divisions of the Nervous System

55. Parasympathetic Nervous System The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body. Brings the body back down to a relaxed state

56. Divisions of the Nervous System

57. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

64. The Endocrine System Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

65. Endocrine System One of the body’s two communication systems; a set of glands that produce hormones, chemical messengers that circulate in the blood.

66. Hormone A chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and circulated in the blood. Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effects

67. Pituitary Gland The endocrine system’s “master gland” that, in conjunction with adjacent the brain area, controls the other endocrine glands. Called the “master gland” Located at the base of the brain and connects to the hypothalamus

68. Endocrine System – Pituitary Gland

69. Hypothalamus the brain region controlling the pituitary.

70. Endocrine System – Pituitary Gland

71. Thyroid Gland Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy level in the body Located in the neck

72. Endocrine System – Thyroid Gland

73. Adrenal Gland Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in times of stress Located just above the kidneys Release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

74. Endocrine System – Adrenal Gland

75. Pancreatic Gland Regulates the level of blood sugar in the blood

76. Endocrine System – Pancreatic Gland

77. Sex Glands Ovaries (females) and testes (males) are the glands that influence emotion and physical development. Testosterone – primary males hormone Estrogen – primary female hormone Males and females have both estrogen and testosterone in their systems.

78. Endocrine System – Sex Glands

79. The End

80. Teacher Information Types of Files –This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. Animation –Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. Adding slides to this presentation –Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

81. Teacher Information Domain Coding –Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards, these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA National Standards. Scientific Inquiry Domain Biopsychology Domain Development and Learning Domain Social Context Domain Cognition Domain Individual Variation Domain Applications of Psychological Science Domain Key Terms and Definitions in Red –To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.

82. Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at korek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.korek@germantown.k12.wi.us Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022

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