1. Development The changes we go through during our lifetime Physical, Social, Cognitive, Emotional, Moral

2. Major questions: ● Nature v. Nurture – How much do genes and experience influence our development? ● Continuity v. Discontinuity – Is development a gradual continuous process, or does it proceed through separate STAGES ● Stability v. Change – Do personality traits stay the same throughout life or do they change?

3. Physical Development

4. Infant Reflexes ● Rooting reflex ● Moro reflex – when startled, baby will throw arms and legs out and head back and then pull them into body ● Toe curling reflex – stroke outer sole and baby spreads toes, stroke inner sole and baby curls toes. ● Sucking reflex – touch roof of baby’s mouth and she will suck ● Grasping reflex – put finger in baby’s palm and baby will grab ● Tonic Neck Reflex – if baby’s head is turned to side, baby makes “on guard” move with arms

5. Motor Development: The development of purposeful muscle movement * Gross Motor Development: Large muscle groups * Fine Motor Development: Small muscle groups

6. ● Developmental Norms * There is variation in the times, but not the sequence

7. Maturation: Development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint

8. Perceptual Development ● Infants learn to interact with their environment through their senses ● Visual Cliff Experiment * Newborn's heart rates increase when they approach the cliff - (Nature). * The older infants who have explored the world (6 months or older) do not cross the cliff - (Nurture).

10. Language Development

11. Language ● Language is representation of thoughts: * We cannot see it but we can use symbols to know what each other is talking about. * We can see it in our head when we say it. ● Grammar: Rules for organization of symbols.

12. Social Development

13. Agree/Disagree

14. All social behavior in humans is learned.

15. Myth #1: All social behavior in humans is learned. Truth: Newborn’s senses facilitate social responsiveness. ● See best 8-12” away ● Turn toward human voice ● Gaze longer at facelike objects ● Identify mother’s smell

16. Children who are exposed to many adults are less distressed leaving their parents

17. Myth #2: Children who are exposed to many adults are less distressed leaving their parents Truth: Separation anxiety begins around age 8 months and peaks at 13 months worldwide regardless of daycare experience.

18. Love and affection are necessary for healthy physical and emotional development.

19. Truth: Love and affection are necessary for healthy physical and emotional development. Meeting physical needs of a child is not sufficient for healthy development.  Monkeys raised in isolation became withdrawn, fearful, despairing, strongly attached to blanket Children who are severely neglected tend to have lower serotonin levels (feelings of well being) and display increased aggression  Children in overcrowded Romanian orphanages (where physical needs were met but nurses had no time for affection) were both physically and cognitively delayed.

20. Babies become attached to their mothers because they associate them with food. “Cupboard Love”

21. Myth #4: Babies become attached to their mothers because they associate them with food. (“Cupboard love”) ● Truth: Soft, warm contact is more important that food in the formation of parent- child attachment. ● Harlow’s monkey’s Harlow’s monkey’s  monkeys raised with cloth and wire “mother” preferred cloth mother, even if wire mother has food.  Harlow tried different variables: cold vs. warm mother, mothers that rocked vs. still mothers Scaring the monkeys

22. Infants have a critical period for attaching to their caregivers (like the geese in Lorenz’s imprinting studies). It is very important that mothers bond with their children in the first few days of life.

23. Myth #5: Infants have a critical period for attaching to their caregivers (like the geese in Lorenz’s imprinting studies). It is very important that mothers bond with their children in the first days of life. ● Truth: Although this is true with some bird species, it is NOT true in humans. Evidence shows that human children can form several attachments during their lives. Children who are separated from their parents initially exhibit symptoms of distress but recover if placed in a stable environment.

24. Parents who respond every time their child cries reinforce crying behavior. This a form of conditioning.

25. Myth #6: Parents who respond every time their child cries reinforce crying behavior. This is a form of conditioning.

26. Truth: Children of responsive mothers are more self-assured and less clingy than children of unresponsive mothers. Ainsworth studyAinsworth study, (“strange situations”) observed… parenting as sensitive or insensitive ● Sensitive mothers had securely attached children (mom is safe base from which to explore, distress when mom leaves and seeks her contact when she returns ● Insensitive mothers had insecurely attached children (cling to mom, distressed when mom leaves, and hard to console when she returns, some refuse mom’s comfort) ● According to Erik Erikson, ….. they can trust them and the world around them.

27. Separation Anxiety

28. Ainsworth - Strange Situation

29. Agree/Disagree Children most often bond with abusive or neglectful parents.

30. Truth: Children do most often bond with abusive or neglectful parents.

31. QUESTION Does putting a child in daycare have negative effects on a child’s development?

32. ●Answer: WE DON’T KNOW!! ●Infants in daycare are more likely to be insecurely attached at 1 year old, and disobedient and aggressive at older ages. ●In children 2 and over, daycare provides enhanced opportunities for intellectual and social growth. ●Infants in quality daycare before 6 months were more outgoing, popular, and academically successful than those without such daycare. ●Time spent in daycare between 1 month and 6 years correlates positively with mental development (at age three) and negatively with engaged mother-child interactions.

33. Is it better to be a strict or permissive parent? QUESTION

34. Is it better to be a: * Strict or Permissive parent? * Warm or Cold parent? Answer: It is better to be somewhere in between. Three parenting styles: ● AUTHORITARIAN – Imposes rules, expects obedience ● PERMISSIVE – Few demands, little punishment, child gets his/her way a lot ● AUTHORITATIVE – Demanding and responsive (establishes and enforces rules, but explains reason and allows for discussion when older) Children of Authoritative parents generally have highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence (true across cultures). Correlation does not mean causation, but thought that authoritative parents make children feel in control of their lives.

35. Parenting Styles Lab 1. Four groups—one for each style of parenting. Group one will be for strict, group two for permissive, group three for cold, and group four for warm 1. On a small sheet of paper, write a statement that you think parents who conform to your group’s assigned parenting style might say to their children. Try to make your statements or questions true to life. 1. Label your paper with the parenting style, but do not write down your name. Remember that although most parents lean toward one of these parenting styles, very few are at the extremes.. 1. Fold up your papers and collect them 1. Draw statements from the box and read them aloud. As a class, discuss in which category each statement belongs. ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Does the class agree on which statements belong in which category? Discuss possible reasons for disagreement. 1. Discuss the possibility that a child might see his or her own parents’ style as the norm, even if it falls close to one extreme or another