2. THE NATURE OF LIES

3. ISSUES OF DEFINITION n THE NATURE OF DEFINITIONS & OPERATIONAL DEFINTIONS n A DEFINITION OF LYING: The conscious alteration of information a person believes to be true in order to significantly change another’s perceptions from what the deceiver thought they would be without the alteration.

4. n IS ADDING & SUBTRACTING INFORMATION ALWAYS A KEY DISTINGUISHING FEATURE OF LYING? n DISTINGUISHING LYING AND DECEPTION

5. TYPES OF LIES n LIES OF COMMISSION n LIES OF OMISSION n HALF TRUTHS n DIVERSIONARY RESPONSES n COLLABORATIVE LIES

6. CONTEXTUAL FEATURES INVOLVED IN MAKING ATTRIBUTIONS ABOUT LIES

7. n LIAR’S PERSPECTIVE u PERCEIVED INTENTION(S) u PERCEIVED CONSCIOUSNESS/AWARENESS u PERCEIVED EXPECTATIONS OF TARGET REGARDING LYING IN THIS SITUATION u PERCEIVED REALITY/REFERENT KNOWLEDGE u PERCEIVED ALTERATION OF REALITY/REFERENT KNOWLEDGE TO ACHIEVE EFFECTS u PERCEIVED EFFECTS/CONSEQUENCES

8. n TARGET’S PERSPECTIVE u ATTRIBUTIONS OF INTENTIONS/MOTIVES u ATTRIBUTIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS u EXPECTATIONS ABOUT LYING IN THIS SITUATION u PERCEPTIONS OF OTHER’S KNOWLEDGE OF THE REFERENT AND SITUATION u PERCEPTIONS OF THE OTHER u PERCEPTIONS OF CIRCUMSTANCES u PERCEPTIONS OF EFFECTS/CONSEQUENCES