1. Introduction to Biotechnology ~manipulating and analyzing DNA

2. Uses of Biotechnology Analyzing human DNA Genetic diseases Genetic diseases DNA fingerprinting Forensics Forensics The Human Genome Project Identifying all genes in the human genome Identifying all genes in the human genome Gene therapy Curing disease Curing disease

4. Genetic Engineering Definition: introducing a set of genetic information directly into an organisms DNA How is this done? With use of restriction enzymes With use of restriction enzymes

5. Restriction Enzymes Proteins originally made to protect against viruses RE’s chop DNA at specific sequences called recognition sites

6. The “Ends” Two types of RE cuts… “Sticky” ends leave exposed bases ready to hydrogen bond “Sticky” ends leave exposed bases ready to hydrogen bond “Blunt” ends leave NO bases exposed “Blunt” ends leave NO bases exposed DNA ligase joins “the ends” of cut DNA together

7. DNA Recombination DNA fragments cannot function all by themselves They must become part of the genetic material of LIVING cells before the genes they contain can be activated DNA fragments + DNA from a living cell = Recombinant DNA

8. Plasmids Circular double-stranded DNA (bacterial) Used in biotechnology because they are circular, small, and replicate on their own

9. Back to Genetic Engineering… Steps: using insulin (for sufferers of diabetes) as an example a) Cut open plasmid and DNA with gene encoding for insulin with RE b) Mix cut plasmid with cut DNA (they have the same sticky ends) c) Seal with ligase d) Insert recombinant DNA into bacteria e) Recombinant DNA replicates and bacteria divides f) DNA is transcribed and translated = insulin

11. Engineering New Organisms Transgenic Organisms: Organisms that contain “foreign” DNA are termed transgenic Organisms that contain “foreign” DNA are termed transgenic May be bacteria, plants, or animals May be bacteria, plants, or animals

12. Examples of GFP gene

13. This All Involves One Thing… DNA Sequencing: reading or identifying the sequence of bases along the length of a DNA molecule AND understanding what that sequence codes for…