1. Genetic Engineering
Chapter 13

2. Changing the Living World
Selective breeding
Breeding animals with characteristics we want to produce offspring with those
Plants – Potatoes or flowers
Animals – dogs or farm animals

3. Changing the Living World
Hybridization
Cross different individuals to get offspring with favorable traits
The result is a hybrid – an individual produced from the crossing of two different organisms.

4. Changing the Living World
Inbreeding
Breed similar individuals over and over to get offspring with favorable traits

5. Changing the Living World
Increasing variation
Inducing mutations
Radiation
Chemicals
Produce mutants – an individual showing the mutation

6. Changing the Living World
Producing new bacteria
Small size allows for millions to be treated
Oil eating bacteria

7. Changing the Living World
Producing new plants
Chemicals that prevent chromosomal separation
Polypoidy
Larger and stronger plants

8. 13-2 Manipulating DNA How can scientists manipulate the code?
Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study and change DNA molecules.

9. 13-2 Manipulating DNA Tools of Molecular Biology Genetic Engineering
Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism
DNA Extraction
Open a cell (mechanical and chemical methods)
Use a chemical to separate the DNA from the rest of the cell parts (an alcohol)

10. 13-2 Manipulating DNA Cutting DNA DNA molecules are very long
Restriction enzymes
Enzymes that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
Sticky ends – these are the cut ends of the DNA

11. 13-2 Manipulating DNA Separating DNA Gel electrophoresis
A mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of a porous gel (negative end), and an electric voltage is applied to the gel
The molecules will move from negative to positive

12. 13-2 Manipulating DNA

13. 13-2 Manipulating DNA Using the DNA Sequence
Once it is separated it is manageable
It can now be
Read
Studied
Changed

14. 13-2 Manipulating DNA Reading the Sequence
How do you read unknown DNA?
You can use:
DNA Polymerase
Four nucleotides
Chemical markers

15. 13-2 Manipulating DNA Cutting and Pasting DNA synthesizers
Enzymes join artificial pieces of DNA with natural pieces
Recombinant DNA
Enzymes join genes from one strand of DNA with genes from another strand of DNA

16. 13-2 Manipulating DNA Making Copies PCR or Polymerase chain reaction
Photocopying DNA over and over
Use strands of DNA that are called primers

17. 13-3 Cell Transformation Transformation
When a cell takes in foreign DNA and joins it with the existing DNA
This external DNA becomes part of the cells DNA

18. 13-3 Cell Transformation Transforming Bacteria
Foreign DNA is joined to plasmid
Plasmid – small, circular DNA molecule
Genetic marker – a gene that makes it possible see which bacteria are carrying the plasmid (that is marked) and which bacteria are not.

19. 13-3 Cell Transformation Transforming Plant Cells
Using bacterium that normally infect plant cells and cause tumors
Taking away the cell wall some plant cells will take up DNA on their own
If successful recombinant DNA will be found in a chromosome of the cell

20. 13-3 Cell Transformation Transforming Animal Cells
DNA can be injected directly into the nucleus of an egg
Enzymes help insert the new DNA into the eggs existing DNA
New DNA contains markers that tell which cells picked up the DNA

21. 13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
Transgenic Organisms
Organisms that contain genes from other species
Firefly and tobacco plant
Genetic engineering has increased the growth of biotechnology

22. 13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
Transgenic microorganisms
Bacteria reproduce quickly
Uses:
Can grow human proteins
Insulin, growth hormone, and clotting factor

23. 13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
Transgenic Animals
Mimic human body for testing
Faster growing animals
No more food poisoning
Grow human proteins

24. 13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering

25. 13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
Transgenic Plants
Natural insecticide
Resist weed killing chemicals
Food resistant to spoiling
Weather resistant plants
Grow vitamins or proteins

26. 13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
Cloning
Clone - A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
Dolly – The cloned sheep from 1997
Save endangered species