1. Cellular Organelles
Cellular Respiration

2. The Cell

3. Cytoskeleton Supports the Cell
Microtubules
Microfilaments

4. Special Structural Features of Cell Membranes
Microvilli
Cilia
Stereocilia
Flagella
Function?

5. Cell Structures for Support and Movement: Cilia, Flagella, Centrioles
Cilia and flagella movement:
9 + 2 microtubule arrangement
Centrioles: used in cell division

7. The Cell

8. Centrioles

9. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes
Ribosomes: used in protein assembly:
Free and membrane bound
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): packages the proteins:
Smooth ER: no ribosomes, lipid synthesis
Rough ER: has ribosomes, protein manufacture

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosome
Protein Synthesis
Stores Calcium

11. Ribosomes Function: Transfer of messages from DNA
Fixed to ER or free in cytoplasm

12. RER & SER SER: Synthesis and conversion of FA, steroids, and lipids
RER: Protein synthesis,
storage, modification & transport vesicles
SER: Synthesis and conversion of FA, steroids, and lipids
In muscle: Ca2+ storage

13. Golgi Apparatus
Receives substances from ER, refines and packages them

14. Golgi Apparatus Modification (labeling) of proteins
TEM
“Post office” of cell
Modification (labeling) of proteins
Packaging into secretory (to ECF) or storage vesicles

15. Vesicles Ship and Store Cellular Products
Vesicles: storage, secretory membrane-bound spheres
Examples: secretory, endocytic, peroxisomes, lysosomes

16. Organelles

17. Lysosomes Digestion (~ 50 enzymes) of bacteria and old Organelles
“Garbage Can of the
Cell”
Tay-Sachs disease is a fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance called ganglioside GM2 accumulate in the nerve cells in the brain. Infants with Tay-Sachs disease appear to develop normally for the first few months of life. Then, as nerve cells become distended with fatty material, a relentless deterioration of mental and physical abilities occurs. The child becomes blind, deaf, and unable to swallow. Muscles begin to atrophy and paralysis sets in. A much rarer form of the disorder which occurs in patients in their twenties and early thirties is characterized by unsteadiness of gait and progressive neurological deterioration. Patients with Tay-Sachs have a "cherry-red" spot in the back of their eyes. The condition is caused by insufficient activity of an enzyme called hexosaminidase A that catalyzes the biodegradation of acidic fatty materials known as gangliosides. Gangliosides are made and biodegraded rapidly in early life as the brain develops. Patients and carriers of Tay-Sachs disease can be identified by a simple blood test that measures hexosaminidase A activity. Both parents must be carriers in order to have an affected child. When both parents are found to carry a genetic mutation in hexosaminidase A, there is a 25 percent chance with each pregnancy that the child will be affected with Tay-Sachs disease. Prenatal monitoring of pregnancies is available if desired. 5

18. Peroxisomes Major function: Degradation of long chain Fatty Acids
Smaller than Lysosomes -
Different set of enzymes
Peroxisomes seem to be to be self-replicating. They don’t come off the Golgi apparatus as secretory vesicles as originally thought.
Major function: Degradation of long chain Fatty Acids
Generate hydrogen peroxide  contain catalase 6

19. Mitochondria: Provide Energy to the Cell
Double membrane: inner membrane contains enzymes that break down foods
Liberated energy used to create ATP

20. Energy Storage Fat: triglycerides, long-term energy storage in animals
Glycogen: short-term energy storage in animals, carbohydrate storage

21. Metabolism
Definition = “All chemical reactions that take place within an organism.”
Metabolic pathways = network of linked reactions

22. Anabolism: requires enzymes:
Cells Use and Transform Matter and Energy: Two Basic Metabolic Pathways
Anabolism: requires enzymes:
Making/assembling large molecules
May require energy (ATP)
Used in building up cell components
Used in storing energy

23. Catabolism: requires enzymes:
Cells Use and Transform Matter and Energy: Two Basic Metabolic Pathways
Catabolism: requires enzymes:
Breakdown of molecules
May release energy
Used in breaking down nutrients/recycling cell components
Used to access energy storage

24. Cellular Respiration: Cells Use Glucose and Oxygen to Supply ATP
Glucose provides energy for the cell

25. Three Stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis: in cytoplasm:
Split glucose
Produce two ATP and two pyruvate molecules
Krebs cycle: in mitochondria:
Extract high-energy electrons
Produce two ATP and carbon dioxide
Electron transport system: in mitochondria:
Energy from electrons used to produce ATP
Produce water and carbon dioxide

26. Cellular Respiration: An Overview

27. Fats and Proteins: Additional Energy Sources

29. Pyruvate has 2 Possible Fates:
Anaerobic catabolism: Pyruvate
Lactate
Aerobic catabolism: Pyruvate
Citric Acid Cycle

31. Electron Transport Chain
On the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Protein complexes including enzymes and iron- containing proteins called cytochromes
Chemiosmotic Theory
Movement of electrons through the etc to produce ATP

32. Steps in the Electron Transport System

35. Fats and Proteins: Additional Energy Sources
Fats: triglycerides have twice the energy of carbohydrates
Proteins: same energy as carbohydrates

36. Anaerobic Pathways: Energy Extraction Without Oxygen

37. Structure and Function of the Nucleus
Functions:
Contains the genetic information of the cell
Controls the cell
Structural features:
Double-layered nuclear membrane
Nuclear pores
Chromosomes/chromatin
Nucleolus

38. Nucleus Control Center
Nuclear envelope with nuclear pore complexes for diffusion and active transport
Chromatin (DNA and proteins)
DNA forms genes
One or more nucleoli