1. Announcements and Reminders  Exam #1 –For new grade: add +3 points, then calculate score out of 88 points total. –NOTE: Additional curve possible based on Exam #2 performance.  Friday, March 5 –Pre-Activity 8.3.3 (Low-Flow)  Monday, March 8 –DUE: Post-Activity and Bonus Turn-in 8.1.1 –DUE: Pre-Activity 9.1.1 (complete prior to class) –Homework #3 Released  Wednesday, March 10 –DUE: Project #2 Posters and Presentations  Friday, March 12 –DUE: Project #2 Executive Summary –NO CLASS!

2. Learning Objectives  Be able to define sustainability, including in social, environmental, and economic terms, and through the use of relevant examples.  Understand how sustainable design principles and concepts are related to systems thinking.  Be able to define basic principles of cradle to cradle design.  Be able to define concepts of energy efficiency, payback, and footprint.  Be able to perform simple payback calculations.  Be able to perform basic footprint calculations.

3. Case Study #2: Interface Carpet  As you watch the video, can you identify how it relates to the social, economic, and environmental aspects of sustainability? http://www.ted.com/talks/ray_anderson_on_the_business_logic_of_sustainability.html

4. “When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.” - John Muir “When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.” - John Muir Sustainability and Systems Thinking Remember: A focus on relationships rather than individual parts. This can include technology, social aspects, environmental and economic impacts.

5. Source: McDonough and Braungart, 2006

6. Cradle to Cradle Design “[M]oving from the lean production of potentially degenerative technology to the clean production of potentially regenerative technology.” “A framework in which the safe regenerative productivity of nature provides models for wholly positive human designs. Working from this perspective, we do not aim to be less bad. Instead, our design assignment is to create a world of interdependent natural and human systems powered by the sun in which safe, healthful materials flow in regenerative cycles, elegantly and equitably deployed for the benefit of all.” - McDonough and Braungart, 2006

7. Cradle to Cradle Design Products and processes that minimize harm to people and environment WHILE enhancing people’s health and regenerate environment Products that when their useful life is over, do not become useless waste but become nutritious food for plants and animals or renewable high- quality materials for new products Buildings that produce more energy than they consume and purify their own waste water Transportation that improves the quality of life while delivering goods and services Add environmentally or socially beneficial features to traditional design William McDonough and Michael Braungart (2002)

8. Sustainability: Tools and Concepts  Energy Efficiency  Payback  Environmental Impacts –Ecological footprint –Water footprint –Carbon footprint Image Source: http://icanhascheezburger.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/funny-pictures-bear-will-eliminate-your-carbon-footprint.jpg

9. Energy Efficiency  Energy efficiency is the quality of being able to do a task successfully without wasting energy.  Example: More Energy-Efficient Water Heating Reduce your hot water use Lower water heating temperature Insulate your water heater tank Insulate hot water pipes Install heat traps on a water heater take Install a timer and use off-peak power for an electric water heater Install a drain-water heat recovery system Install a more energy efficient water heater http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/water_heating/index.cfm/mytopic=13030

10. Water Heaters: Efficiency and Costs

11. http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/water_heating/index.cfm/mytopic=13000

12. Simple Payback for Water Heaters  Simple Payback (SPB) - The amount of time it will take to cover the initial installation cost given the total cost savings of the measure.  Examples: –Replace a functional convectional gas storage (EF=.6) water heater with an on- demand gas water heater (EF=.8) –Replace a functional convectional gas storage water heater (EF=.6) with an on demand gas water heater (EF=2.2)

13. Simple Payback for Light Bulbs Image Source: http://aeftraining.com/images/resize_of_adaptor_on_right_w-t-5_5iq2.jpg  Changing lights from T-12 light bulbs to T-8 light bulbs is a common energy and cost saving measure in commercial buildings.  A 4 lamp T-12 fixture (180 Watts) can be replaced with a 3 lamp T-12 fixture (88 Watts) for about $67.50. If the lamps are on 12 hours a day, 275 days a year at a cost of 9.5 ¢ / kWh, what is the simple payback?  Cost of the T12  Cost of the T8  Simple Payback

14. Energy Savings Model for Light Bulbs 4-lamp T12 magnetic retrofitted to 4-lamp T8 electronic Note: Blue cells are variables that can be changed Duty cycle (hrs/day):12 Days/year:275 Energy cost per KWH:0.095 3-lamp System:4-lampFull output Magnetic T12Electronic T8 Retrofit Cost: Ballast cost: 20.00 Lamp cost: 7.50 Labor cost: 40.00 Available rebate: Total cost: 67.50 Operating cost/yr/fixture: Average Watts/fixture/hour:18088 Average KWH/fixture/year:594.00290.40 Energy cost/fixture/year:56.4327.59 Annual energy savings: 28.84 Time to recover install cost in years: 2.34 Five year energy savings: 144.21 Five year energy savings less install cost: 76.71 Note: All figures are per fixture. Axis ballast wattage is based on estimated average per fixture. Ballast cost, lamp cost, and labor are estimated Input variables: the hrs/day, days/year, energy cost, and lamp and labor cost can be changed. Any available rebate can be entered as a negative number-this greatly shortens the Axis payback period. Note that the time to recover install cost (without a rebate) is nearly the same for the standard T8 vs the Axis dimming T8. After the payback period, however, the Axis ballast saves a much greater amount of energy dollars.

15. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Eg_SEAnE-M

16. Environmental Impacts: Footprints  Ecological footprint – total amount of land and sea needed to provide all resources for, and absorb all wastes of, a given human population.  Water footprint – total amount of water consumed by a person or organization per unit of time.  Carbon footprint - amount of greenhouse gases emitted by a person, organization, process per unit of time. Likely represents ~50% of humanity’s total ecological footprint. http://impresssions.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/i mages/The_Human_Footprint.229135752_std.jpg

17. Source: http://www.soe.wa.gov.au/site/files/images/Figure-FP1.2_Large.jpg

18. Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/carbon_footprint/

19. Water Footprint Example  Compare the water footprint of the following fuels by calculating gallons of water consumed per 100 miles driven. Source: http://er100200.berkeley.edu/problem_sets/PS6_09.pdf

20. Water Footprint Example  Regular gasoline  Corn Ethanol

21. Carbon Footprint Example  Indiana’s average emissions are 0.271 kg of carbon emissions per kWh 1. Calculate the Carbon foot print of a 4 lamp T-12 fixture (180 Watts) which runs 12 hours a day, 275 days a year? 1 http://www.purdue.edu/climate/pdf/CN@P_FINAL.pdf