1. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 1 Measuring DLoD impacts in trials David Hathaway 26 th ISMOR

2. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 2 The Challenge To conduct a trials programme to 1. Elicit equipment suitability for military roles, 2. Gather the non-equipment implications of using the equipment in military service.

3. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 3 Contents 1. What is a Capability Concept Demonstrator? 2. Unmanned surface vehicles 3. How information was gathered and presented

4. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 4 Measuring DLoD impacts in trials Capability Concept Demonstrators

5. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 5 Approach to acquisition Military acquisitions Equipment considerations Non-equipment considerations Historically, trials have focused on the equipment aspects, with insufficient regard given to the non-equipment aspects.

6. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 6 Capability Concept Demonstration (CCD) Capability demonstration of high maturity level equipment A CCD aims to: Understand potential uses of equipment Understand equipment and non-equipment implications following acquisition

7. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 7 Defence Lines of Development (DLoDs) Understand what/who is affected by the acquisition – achieved by considering the Lines of Development Training: who, how many, what methods, costs, duration, time lag, etc. Equipment: what, how many, how much, technology issues Personnel: experience, skills, aptitudes. Information: transfer of, understanding’. Doctrine & Concepts: procedures, rules and regulations. Organisation: command structure. Infrastructure: building requirements, test areas, maintenance. Logistics: method, cost.

8. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 8 Measuring DLoD impacts in trials Unmanned Surface Vehicles and their application

9. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 9 Types of USV

10. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 10 USV components A USV system consists of 4 basic components: Control Station (man- machine interface for human control) Data Terminal (communications terminal that provides the data link) Vehicle (including payload) Launch & Recovery System

11. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 11 Measuring DLoD impacts in trials Assessment methodology

12. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 12 Data collection methodology 1. Consult subject matter experts to identify military roles and predict how these roles could impact the DLoDs 2. Plan trials to demonstrate roles and to collect DLoD data 3. Gather data using representative demonstrations 4. Organise results for ease of use

13. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 13 Other potential military roles RoleSynopsisRoleSynopsis Maritime Interdiction Operation Support Intercept and disrupt enemy forces Anti- Submarine Warfare (ASW) USV to provide detection of sub-surface threats and potentially engage hostile targets. Logistics Support Supply equipment / ammo or replenishment at sea. Training To act as FIAC, or enemy USV Hydographic Survey Sonar sweeps MCM Hunting and disposal Harbour protection Automated sweep Anti-Terror /Piracy ISR in aid of commercial vessels / platforms.

14. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 14 Maritime Interdiction Operations Support (MIOS) Detection, interception and investigation of suspect vessels in a volatile area Use of unmanned platform to perform surveillance, communicate with targets and determine intent, deter, board or prosecute as appropriate

15. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 15 MIOS - Representation Moving to a target of interest. Maintaining a fixed distance and vector from a target. Manoeuvring around the target. USV’s sensors were tested at various ranges so the usefulness of the USV as a surveillance asset could be assessed. USV’s ability to monitor and track several targets. Assessment of covertness.

16. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 16 MIOS – Demonstration Deductions 1. USV could conduct surveillance for significantly longer than a manned platform. 2. A USV does have the required control for effective surveillance. 3. Low mast height limits detection ability. 4. Existing comms methods can be adversely affected by other structures.

17. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 17 MIOS – DLoD impacts Training and Personnel DLoD: Training of RN personnel. Evidence collected via questionnaires and comments, ie: “An understanding of running a surface plot and my skill as an Aircraft Controller helps me visualise the relative positions of the USV and other vessels.” – USV operator. Concluded that Petty Officers, Leading Seamen or Able Seamen with Ops Room experience would be well suited to operate a USV system. Above Water Tactical rates would be ideal for the navigation and tracking of targets. Above Water Weapons rates would be well suited to operating a USV payload of sensors and weapons.

18. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 18 MIOS – DLoD impacts Information DLoD considerations: Usefulness of the sensor imagery at various ranges How this information could be used by commanders and by those undertaking the mission Also considered comms ranges, information lag or communication drop-outs

19. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 19 MIOS – DLoD impacts Concepts and Doctrine “From the point of view of safety of life at sea, all ships shall be sufficiently and efficiently manned.” – SOLAS treaty “Salvage operations that have had a useful right give right to a reward” – IMO RN vessel “salvaged” by Scottish fishermen

20. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 20 DLoD impact statements Discrete, atomised and categorised Positive impacts ie provide situational awareness information Negative impacts ie incur training cost Some DLoD impacts underlie all uses Some DLoD impacts are specific to specific uses – ie using the USV over a long range

21. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 21 Summary The challenge: To conduct a trials programme to: 1. Elicit equipment suitability to military roles. 2. Gather the non-equipment implications of using the equipment in military service.

22. © Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved 22 Measuring DLoD impacts in trials Questions?