1. What can emission lines tell us? lecture 3 Grażyna Stasińska

2. photoionization modelling available photoionization codes why do a model ? how to prodeed ? some examples abundance derivation by model fitting a combined stellar and nebular study model-fitting of an aspherical nebula using a 3D photoionization code comments on the interpretation of data from integral field spectroscopy the importance of atomic data

3. some available photoionization codes 1D photoionization Cloudy by Gary Ferland and associates http://www.nublado.org/ computes models for ionized nebulae and photo-dissociation regions (PDR) largely used and well documented Mappings by Michael Dopita + Kewley, Evans, Groves, Sutherland, Binette, Allen, Leitherer http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~kewley/Mappings/ computes models for photoionized nebulae and for planar shocks Xstar by Tim Kallman http://heasarc.nasa.gov/lheasoft/xstar/xstar.html computes models for photoionized regions with special attention to X-rays pseudo-3D photoionization Cloudy-3D by Christophe Morisset using Cloudy as a basis http://132.248.1.102/Cloudy_3D/ allows quick photoionization modelling of 3D nebulae with visualization tools (including computation and visualization of line profiles) full-3D photoionization Mocassin by Barbara Ercolano available from be@star.ucl.ac.uk see also http://hea-www.harvard.edu/~bercolano/ be@star.ucl.ac.uk http://hea-www.harvard.edu/~bercolano/ Monte-Carlo photoionization code

4. Why do a model ? Define a main objective check the sensitivity of input parameters on outputs compute a grid of models for easy interpretation of a certain class of objects calculate ionization correction factors for a given nebula obtain the chemical composition of a given nebula derive characteristics of the ionizing source check stellar EUV model atmospheres...

5. How to proceed? Gather all the observational constraints needed for the objective line intensities in various wavelengths ranges and in different apertures monochromatic images information on the ionizing source(s) Define a strategy how to explore a parameter space how to deal with error bars how to test the validity of a model Conclusion was the goal achieved? what it no satisfactory model was found?

6. abundance derivation by model fitting 1) Define the input parameters The characteristics of the ionizing radiation field The density distribution of the nebular gas The chemical composition of the nebular gas The distance 2) Use a photoionization code (e.g. CLOUDY) that solves The system of ionization equations for each species The energy balance equation The transfer of the ionizing radiation 3) Compare model output with observations (corrected for extinction) The total observed H  flux The SH  distribution (and the angular size of the H  zone) The visual magnitude of the ionizing source The line intensities 4) Go back to 1 and iterate until observations are reproduced

7. the process of model-fitting the Model Must Match all the Observations

8. for a good quality model fitting 1) use as many observational constraints as possible not only line intensity ratios 2) keep in mind that some constraints are very important eg: HeII/H , [OIII]4363/5007 3) some constraints are not independant eg if [OIII]5007/H  is fitted => [OIII]4959/H  should be fitted as well because [OIII]5007/4959 is fixed by atomic physics if it is not, this may indicate an observational problem, eg that the strong [OIII]5007 line is saturated 4) chose a good estimator for your “goodness of fit” eg avoid using a  2 minimization technique all the observables should be fitted (within limits defined a priori) try to visualize the comparison model-result as much as possible

9. possible conclusions from model fitting case 1 - if all the observations are well fitted within the error bars this may imply that the model abundances are the true abundances within error bars not easy to determine If the constraints are insufficient, the model abundances may be very different from the true ones case 2 - if some observations cannot be fitted either the observations are not as good as thought or the model does not represent the object well i.e. some assumptions are incorrect, eg the nebular geometry (eg not spherical) the assumed stellar radiation field some important process is missing (eg heating by an additional mechanism) in case 2 the chemical composition is not known to the desired accuracy

10. an example of photoionization modelling without a satisfactory solution Detailed modelling of the most metal-poor galaxy I ZW 18 Stasinska & Schaerer 1999 observational constraints narrow band imaging line intensities from optical spectrum ionizing radiation from pop. synthesis fitting the observed stellar data failure of the models = failure of the paper ? « We have found that, even taking into account strong deviations from the adopted spectral energy distribution of the ionizing radiation and the effect of additional X-rays, the photoionization models yield too low a [OIII]4363/5007 ratio by about 30%. This discrepancy is significant and poses an interesting problem, which cannot be solved by expected inaccuracies in the atomic data. The missing energy is of the same order of magnitude as the one provided by the stellar photons. Elemental abundance determinations in I Zw 18 are affected by this problem. »

11. this example shows that even using a 1D photoionization code one can reach important conclusions demonstrating that no solution can be found with a code is actually an achievement

12. an example of photoionization modelling with insufficient constraints obs Ratag B1 B2 B3 T* 37500K 39000K 37000K 39000K r* (cm) 5.00+10 5.75+10 4.90+10 Rin 0.062 pc 0.050 pc 0.065 pc Rout 0.10 pc 0.087 pc 0.081 pc 0.085 pc F(Hbeta) 3.9-12 3.92-12 3.90-12 3.88-12 ne (cm-3) 2050 1800 1700 1800 He 0.117 0.117 0.180 0.100 C 1.50-3 1.00-3 1.20-3 N 4.80-4 2.50-4 5.50-4 6.00-4 O 2.20-4 2.40-4 1.00-3 1.20-3 Ne 5.00-5 2.00-4 2.40-4 S 2.30-5 3.00-6 6.00-6 7.00-6 [OII] 3727 0.596 a) 0.587 0.613 0.604 [NeIII] 3869 0.014 0.0084 0.0096 [OIII] 4363 <0.0013 0.0006 0.0002 0.0001 HeII 4686 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003 HI 4861 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 [OIII] 5007 0.283 0.304 0.281 0.275 [NI] 5200 0.0149 0.0043 0.0093 0.0087 [NII] 5755 0.0071: 0.0151 0.0069 0.0060 HeI 5876 0.128 0.126 0.124 0.128 [OI] 6300 0.0054 0.0106 0.0116 [NII] 6584 2.85 2.79 2.87 2.81 [SII] 6717 0.0565 0.053 0.0602 0.0558 [SII] 6731 0.084 0.077 0.0868 0.0826 [OII] 7325 0.0091: 0.0126 0.0070 0.0063 T(NII) 6734 5422 5426 T(OIII) 7319 5876 5394 is the Galactic bulge planetary nebula M 2-5 O-poor or O-rich ? Ratag 1992 claimed it to be O- poor Stasinska, Malkov, Golovatyj 1995 found that both O-poor (B1) and O-rich (B2 and B3) models can fit all the available data O/H is uncertain by a factor 5 !!!

13. a combined stellar and nebular study Sergio Simon-Diaz in collaboration with Grazyna Stasinska, Christophe Morisset, Angel Lopez-Sanchez, Jorge Garcia-Rojas, Cesar Esteban the nebula M 43 and its ionizing star

14. a combined study of the nebula M 43 and its ionizing star objective determine the physical parameters of the ionizing star (T*, log g) check whether the stellar energy distribution (SED) above 13.6 eV produced with the model atmosphere code FASTWIND (Puls et al) explains the observed distributions of emission line intensity ratios in the nebula note the nebula has a rather simple structure for an HII region so the case should be easy Ferland’s Cloudy is chosen for the photoionization modelling

15. 1) derive the characteristics of the ionizing star T*, log g are obtained by fitting of the optical stellar spectrum using the code FASTWIND (Puls et al) L* is then derived using the known distance

16. 2) adapt the energy distribution obtained for the star to use it as an input to Cloudy care must be taken while rebinning the spectrum from Fastwind the meshpoints in Cloudy have been refefined to be very numerous around the absorption edges and so that no “artificial” stellar flux is produced above 13.6 eV the absorption edges defined in CLOUDY by default are not the same as in Fastwind

17. photoionization modelling using Cloudy nebular abundances taken from Rodriguez 1998 estimates using T e -based classical methods nebular density distribution chosen to reproduce the observed H  surface brightness distribution observational constraints dereddened line intensities from Rodriguez et al 1998 at various positions in the nebula

18. comparison of the model with the observations possible deductions the model atmosphere does not predict correctly the SED above 13.6 eV The distribution of emission line ratios across the nebula cannot be reproduced by the model M 43 is a blister and not a sphere

19. a blister and its spherical impostor Morisset, Stasinska & Peña 2005, Morrisset & Stasinska 2006 spherical impostor geometry H , HeI, [OII] and [OIII] intensity maps H  line profile blister

20. comparison of the model with the observations possible deductions the model atmosphere does not predict correctly the SED above 13.6 eV M 43 is a blister and not a sphere to test these hypothesis use Cloudy 3D for the photoionization modelling and investigate the blister geometry perform high resolution observations to observe the line profiles that will uncover the velocity field The distribution of emission line ratios across the nebula cannot be reproduced by the model

21. Morisset 2006 How Cloudy 3D works http://132.248.1.10 2/Cloudy_3D/down loads/Hawai_C3D. pdf

22. first results for M 43 these models will be compared with data from long slit spectra taken at la Palma in Summer 2006

23. 3D modelling of the PN NGC 7009 Gonçalves, Ercolano et al 2005 context many PNe contain knots, which have been argued to be N-enhanced, basing on empirical T e -based methods using classical icfs (N + /N = O + /O) objective present a simple 3D photoionization model, aiming at reproducing the observed geometry and spectroscopic ‘peculiarities’ of a PN like NGC 7009, exploring the possibility that the enhanced [N II] emission observed in the outer knots may be due to ionization effects observational constraints long-slit spectra and HST images

24. 3D modelling of the PN NGC 7009 the observed (dereddened) line ratios are compared with model results for a slit corresponding to the observed position (ie not with the integrated model values)

25. 3D modelling of the PN NGC 7009 I II N R 5.84 (−3) 0.546 K0.136 0.823 Neb7.14 (−3) 0.551 O R9.72 (−3)0.862 K0.1880.808 Neb1.15 (−2)0.863 average fractional ionic abundances for the model R: N/N + / O/O + = 1.66 K: N/N + / O/O + = 1.39 Neb: N/N + / O/O + = 1.61 ≠ 1 !!! conclusion a realistic density distribution is necessary to derive N/O ratios using classical empirical methods and slit spectroscopy in the case of lines that are emitted in narrow zones

26. comments on the interpretation of data from integral field spectroscopy do not start by doing a full 3D photoionization model too time consuming probably no satisfying solution will be found do not use diagnostics that have been designed for integrated nebular spectra they will lead you to erroneous interpretations let yourself be guided by an understanding of nebular physics and by common sense

27. the importance of atomic data Data on first and second row elements (H - Ne) photoionization cross-sections, total recombination coefficients, charge transfer rates, transition probabilities, collision strengths have greatly been improved these last 10 years, mainly thanks to the OPACITY and IRON projects are generally reliable to within 10-20% Data on third row elements (S, Ar, …) collision strengths and transition probabilities should be OK within about 20% data concerning the ionization structure are incomplete and uncertain (especially dielectronic recombination and charge transfer) Atomic data bases http://plasma-gate.weizmann.ac.il/DBfAPP.htmlhttp://plasma-gate.weizmann.ac.il/DBfAPP.html data bases for atomic and plasma physics http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ physical reference data http://www.arcetri.astro.it/science/chianti/chianti.htmlhttp://www.arcetri.astro.it/science/chianti/chianti.html (UV and X rays) http://www.pa.uky.edu/~peter/atomic/http://www.pa.uky.edu/~peter/atomic/ atomic line list