1. SSWH17: The student will be able to identify the major political & economic factors that shaped world societies between WWI & WWII.

2. Post-war social changes:
ALBERT EINSTEIN:
*theories of relativity
*measurements of space/time are not absolute
*inspired post-war scientists to accept the universe was beyond human understanding
SIGMUND FREUD:
*challenged faith in reason
*subconscious mind drives human behavior
*psychoanalysis: helped treat mental disorders

3. Post-war social changes:
PABLO PICASSO:
*created Cubanism
*three-dimensional objects as complex patterns of angels and planes
*included fragmented pieces

4. Russian revolution (Causes):
Slow to industrialize
Discontent among the peasant class towards the tsar
WW1 united Russians; due to slow industrialization, Russian factories couldn’t keep up
Soldiers were not properly equipped
Food shortages, many battlefield losses, & fuel shortages caused Tsar Nicholas to step down

5. Russian revolution:
Vladimir Lenin led a revolutionary group called the Bolsheviks (later called Communists)
Influenced by Marx
Nov. 1917: Bolsheviks overthrew government & seized power easily
After revolution, Lenin asked for peace with Germany, removing Russia from WW1
1922: USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republic)

6. Russian Revolution (effects):
Lenin set up new government that would allow all people to share equal rights
However, Communist Party reigned supreme, not the people
Had secret police to enforce laws
Peasants stopped producing grain knowing the government would take it
Lenin compromised with government & privately owned businesses & helped USSR recover from revolution & war

7. Form of government with a one-party dictatorship that regulates every aspect of the lives of its citizens
Totalitarianism:

8. Fascism in italy: Leader: Benito Mussolini
Used propaganda tactics to control the citizens
Controlled all aspects of the media
Secret police: Black Shirts
Shaping the youth
Leader: Benito Mussolini
Political Party: Fascism (authoritarian government with extreme nationalism & is destructive to basic human rights)
Believed in extreme aggression & expansion
Wanted a society with classes
Used terror to guard power

9. Communism in ussr: People starved, famine occurred
Secret police (purges)
Control of media & elimination of individual rights; propaganda
Complainers sent to labor camps
Great Purge: 4 million people killed
Leader: Joseph Stalin
Political Party: Communism
Fiver Year Plan: build heavy industry, improve transportation, increase farm output all controlled by government
Standard of living remained low
Collectivization: government owned farms operated by peasants where all products are turned into government

10. Nazism in germany: Leader: Adolf Hitler
Political Party: Nazis (National Socialist German Workers)
Mein Kampf (Hitler’s Manifesto): extreme nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism
Controlled all aspects of German life: religion, education, media
SS: uniformed troops who enforced Hitler’s laws
Secret police: Gestapo

11. Nationalism in japan: Leader: Emperor Hirohito Ruled from 1926-1989
Was Japan’s supreme authority & a living god
In favor of expansion (China, Manchuria)
Issued an order that all Japanese should commit suicide rather than surrender (WWII)

12. nATIONALISM IN TURKEY:
Nationalist movements throughout Europe & Asia caused changes in the Middle East
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk led the nationalist movement in Turkey
Overthrew the sultan & made Turkey into a republic
Wanted to modernize Turkey, separate religion from government, encouraged industrial expansion
Ruled with an iron fist, some considered him a dictator
Replaced many Islamic traditions with Western alternatives

13. Aggression goes unchecked:
ITALY
GERMANY
JAPAN

14. Japanese invasion of china:
December 13, 1937: Japanese troops marched into Nanjing, China
300,000 Chinese civilians were murdered
City-wide burnings, stabbings, drownings, strangulations, & rape (became known as the Rape of Nanjing
Japanese introduced heroin & opium to the Chinese causing at least 50,000 people to become addicted to heroin or die overdose
News of the attack was reported worldwide, no country stepped in to help

15. Italian invasion of ethiopia:
1935: Mussolini invaded Ethiopia
Due to outdated weapons, Ethiopia was unable to compete
King of Ethiopia went to the League of Nations to ask for help, but they had no military to help defend the Ethiopians
1936: Italy conquered Ethiopia

16. Hitler tests treaty of versailles:
Began building up German military
Invaded the Rhineland (land between Germany & France)
League of Nations adopts appeasement (giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order to keep the peace)
Annexed Austria
Invaded the Sudentenland (region of Czechoslovakia)
Munich Conference (Sept. 1938) Hitler promises not to expand any further