1. Motivation
How do we define it…?

2. Motivation
Feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal.

3. Theories on Motivation
Instinctive Motivation
Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859)
Automatic behaviors in response to specific stimuli (not learned)
Waned in 1940’s

4. Drive-Reduction Theory (1940’s-1950’s)
Behavior is motivated by biological needs
IOW: Our drive is to reduce our needs.
Need = requirement for survival
Drive = impulse to act in way that satisfies need
Primary Drives: biological needs (thirst, hunger)
Secondary Drives: learned drives (money)
Body seeks Homeostasis: Balanced internal state
Push-Pull factors
Nature (biological push) / nurture (psychological pull)
Create an example of Drive-Reduction theory.
Limitations of theory?

5. Arousal Theory Arousal Theory
We seek optimum level of excitement / arousal
High optimum level of arousal = high excitement behaviors
Perform better at high level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law (1908): performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point.
Different tasks require different levels of arousal for optimal performance

6. Incentive Theory Incentives: stimuli we are drawn to due to learning
“Nurture or pull” driven by desire
Create an example

7. Abraham Maslow The Rise of Humanistic Psychology

8. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

9. Maslow’s Hierarcy of Needs Summative Questions
Summarize Maslow’s theory on motivation.
1. Why is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs considered to be an optimistic psychological theory? (Read entire article before responding.)
2. What criticisms (identify 3) have been levied against Maslow’s self-actualization theory?
3. What core characteristics did Maslow use to define the self-actualized individual?
4. What is meant by the term “humanistic” psychology? (Consider your World History studies of the “Renaissance” period. You might need to investigate this.)
6. Identify and briefly explain the three forces of psychology identified in the article.

10. Summative Questions Self-Actualized
T.J., A.L., Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, William James, Albert Schweitzer, Aldaous Huxley, Eleanor Roosevelt….
Criticisms
Exceptions to hierarchical sequence
Determining Self-Actualized= subjective, bias
Only 2%???
Legacy
a. Psychology of fulfillment (transformed fundamental perspective)
b. Spawned new forms of therapy
c. Changed marketing forever

11. Maslow: Summative Questions
Maslow is cited as the founder of “humanistic psychology.” What does this term mean?
What does the article cite as the 3 “forces” of psychology? How did the 3rd change the fundamental approach to the study of psychology?
Who did Maslow pronounce as self-actualized?
What criticisms might be found in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and his self-actualization theory?
How has Maslow’s work ultimately affected the study of psychology? What is its’ legacy in Western culture?
Maslow argued that man’s pursuit of self-actualization is instinctive. Do you agree?

12. Which theory of motivation?
Infant rooting to find the mother’s nipple.
Getting a glass of water when you are thirsty.
Going for a walk when you are worried or restless.
Working on a difficult jigsaw puzzle.
Studying hard to pass a test.
Crying when hurt or upset.
Developing a lasting, intimate relationship.

13. Clues to Maslow’s Theory on Motivation
“Not all needs are created equal.”
“The normal personality is characterized by unity, integration, consistency, and coherence. Organization is the natural state, and disorganization is pathological.”
The organism has one sovereign drive, that is self-actualization. People strive continuously to realize their inherent potential by whatever avenues are open to them.
“Man is basically good, not evil.”
“What a man can be, he must be.”
“The salvation of the human being is not to be found in either behaviorism or psychoanalysis. We must deal with the questions of value, individuality, consciousness, purpose, ethics and the higher reaches of human nature.”

14. Team Challenge
1. Assume you are a corporate manager charged with increasing employee motivation, thereby increasing worker production. Create at least two specific proposals for each stage of Maslow’s hierarchy that would help achieve this goal.

15. And now…… A Few Choice Commercials…
With your team, decide what hierarchical need is being targeted in each of the following commercials.

16. Aron Ralston “Between a Rock and a Hard Place”
Which theory of Motivation?
Primarily physiological or psychological motivation?
Maslow’s Hierarchy? Explain.

17. Physiology of Hunger Glucose= blood sugar
Pancreas produces insulin / breaks down glucose (converts some to stored fat)
Stomach, liver, intestines: signal brain as to glucose level

18. Hypothalamus Part of Limbic System
Helps govern endocrine system (regulates pituitary gland)
Linked to emotion
Drives: eating, drinking, body temp.
Monitors levels of body’s appetite hormones

19. Lateral Hypothalamus Stimulates hunger rat research
Stimulate: Continuous eating to obesity
Destroy: Starving would not eat

20. Lower-mid hypothalamus (Ventromedial)
Depresses hunger
Stimulation = stop eating
Destroy it = obesity (no brakes)

22. Hormones / Chemicals and Hunger…
Ghrelin: hormone secreted by empty stomach (arouses hunger)
Gastric bypass surgery = less ghrelin
Orexin: stimulates hunger (activated by low glucose)
Leptin: chemical secreted by fat cells
suppresses hunger
PYY: Digestive hormone / suppresses hunger
Research to address obesity

24. Theories on Hunger and Body Weight
Set Point: (weight thermostat)
Body adjusts to changes in food intake to maintain homeostasis (has a general, preset tendancy to maintain a certain body weight)
Less food = rise in hunger , fall in energy
9 month study: ½ food intake, 25% set point
Set point outdated / “settling point”
Basal metabolic rate: energy expenditure at rest (metabolism)

25. Hunger Motivation

26. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa
Obsession with losing weight (15% or more)
Starts with weight-lost diet
Negative self-body image / perfectionist standards
Usually adolescents
Mothers who focus on own weight
Competitive, high-achieving families
9 of 10: female
Genetic and cultural theories

27. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Binge-Purge
Overeating, compensatory vomiting, laxative use, fasting, extreme exercise
Dieter breaks diet restrictions…
weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges (easy to hide)
Often sweet, high fat foods
Depression, anxiety
½ of anorexia victims have bulimia symptoms

28. Anorexia, Bulimia

29. The Ideal of Slenderness Distorting Reality

30. The Ideal of Slenderness Distorting Reality

31. Exploring the gene-environment nexus in eating disorders, Cynthia M
Exploring the gene-environment nexus in eating disorders, Cynthia M. Bulik

32. Sexual Motivation Sexual Response Cycle Initial excitement
Plateau Phase
Orgasm
Resolution

33. Sexual Motivation
How does the refractory period differ between genders?
How do men and women differ in their respective production of sexual hormones in relation to sexual reception, or drive?
Human sexual motivation: complex web of hormonal and psychological factors
What is the current conclusion in research concerning the environmental influence on sexual orientation?

34. Questions For Discussion…
“The brain, it has been said, is our most significant sex organ.” Psychological or physiological?
Do humans choose their sexual orientation?

35. Questions for Discussion
Distinguish in your team the difference between same sex unions and same sex marriage.
Should either or both of these unions be legalized in the United States? Explain.

36. Questions for Discussion
If molecular genetics is able to determine that homosexuality is in fact caused by genetics, does that influence your position?
Should it influence the government’s position?

37. The Information Age and Sexual Motivation
How would you assess the influence of internet pornography on sexual motivation of today’s youth?
What are the psychological dangers of this phenomenon?

38. Social Motivation
What needs prompt our social motivation? (Brainstorm and list with a partner.)
Social inclusion (need to belong)
Acceptance
Maintaining relationships
Aiding survival

39. Work and Motivation Types of Occupations
Job: make money, but not fulfilling
Career: opportunity to advance (up the ladder)
Calling: fulfilling, socially useful activity
Identify two occupations for each category.

40. Achievement Motivation
Desire to master complex tasks and knowledge to reach personal goals.
(More complex behaviors)

41. Motivation at Work
Extrinsic motivation:External motivators / from our environment
Intrinsic motivation: internal motivators (interest, enjoyment, satisfaction- “from within”)

42. Management and Motivation
Theory X: Philosophy of motivating employees by external rewards and punishments
Overjustification Effect: when external rewards diminish intrinsic motivations: Once rewards are no longer offered, interest in the activity is lost; prior intrinsic motivation does not return and extrinsic rewards must be continuously offered as motivation.[1]
Theory Y: Philosophy that internal motivation is most efffective and policies should be designed to appeal to a worker’s intrinsic motivation.

43. “The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us”
Youtube.edu

44. Theory X and Y
Choose theory X or Y for the following questions. Consider jobs, careers and callings respectively for each.
Which is more realistic?
Which is a more effective management style?
Which would you pursue as a manager?

45. Psychology in the Workplace
Industrial-Organizational psychology (fastest growing field of psychology)
Human factors: Optimizing person-machine interactions
Personnel Psychology (Individual focus)
Selection and placement
Training / developing employees
Appraising performance
Organizational Psychology (AKA I-O psychology)
behaviors and attitudes, hiring practices, training programs, (on an organizational basis as opposed to individual)

46. When Motives Conflict Approach-Approach conflict
Two desirable outcomes
Avoidance-Avoidance conflict
Two unattractive outcomes
Approach-Avoidance conflict
One event/goal: positive and negative features
Multiple Approach-avoidance conflicts
2 or more things / each with desirable and undesirable features