1. Sedimentary Rocks

2. Sedimentary Rocks Related word = “sediment”
Sediment - pieces of solid material that have been deposited on earth’s surface by water, wind, ice, gravity or chemical precipitation

3. Sedimentary Rocks Related word = “sediment”
Sediment - pieces of solid material that have been deposited on earth’s surface by water, wind, ice, gravity or chemical precipitation

4. Weathering
a set of physical and chemical processes that break rock into smaller pieces
Chemical weathering -
When minerals in a rock are dissolved and the rock is changed chemically
Physical weathering -
Minerals remain unchanged
Simply break into small pieces

5. Clastic Sediments
Produced by weathering

6. What is Sand?

7. Erosion and Transport
The removal and movement of surface materials from one location to another
Carried by wind, water, ice and gravity
Materials usually move downhill

8. Erosion and Transport

9. Deposition
When materials are laid down on the ground or sink to the bottom of bodies of water
When transport stops, materials are deposited
Generally, largest particles settle out first and produce sorted layers
Glacier and landslide deposits not sorted

10. Burial
When materials are deposited in basins, other sediments are deposited on top if them.
This leads to the layered appearance that some sedimentary rocks exhibit

11. Lithification
Litho?

12. Compaction  Cementation  Lithification
Litho?
Lithification - the physical and chemical processes that transform sediments into sedimentary rocks
Compaction  Cementation  Lithification

13. Lithification Compaction? (Similar words?)
Compaction - clasts (?) are squeezed together. Water is squeezed out.

14. Lithification Cementation? (Similar words?)
Cementation - mineral growth in spaces between clasts cements clasts together
Two methods:

15. Features of Sedimentary Rocks
Bedding - visible horizontal layers in the rock
Beds can be millimeters thick or meters thick
Type of bedding depends upon the method of transport.
Size of grains depend on many factors

16. Graded Bedding
Particle size is bigger and coarser at the bottom of the beds
Underwater landslides, fast-moving streams

17. Cross-Bedding
Formed as inclined layers of sediment move forward across a horizontal surface
Sand dunes, beaches, lake edges

18. Cross-Bedding
Formed as inclined layers of sediment move forward across a horizontal surface
Sand dunes, beaches, lake edges

19. Evidence of Past Life
Fossils - preserved remains, impressions or any other evidence of once-living organisms (Why not in igneous?)

20. Fossils and Sedimentary Rocks
Fossils can help ID the rocks, and vice-versa!
Types of fossils found give a clue about the rock’s origin- fossils of marine animals indicate ……

21. Fossils and Sedimentary Rocks
Fossils can help ID the rocks, and vice-versa!
Types of fossils found give a clue about the rock’s origin- fossils of marine animals indicate ……
The rock formed from sediments deposited near (or in) the sea.

22. Classifying Sedimentary Rocks

23. Classifying Sedimentary Rocks

24. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Coarse-Grained Clastics
Conglomerate Breccia

25. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Grain Shape - Influenced by:
Distance of transport - The further it travels, the rounder it becomes
Length of time of transport- The longer it’s affected by water, wind or ice, the rounder it becomes

26. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Medium-Grained Clastics - (Sandstone) sometimes contain oil, natural gas and groundwater
Porosity: percentage of open space between grains

27. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Fine-grained Clastics (Shale)
Has low porosity that hinders movement of oil, water and natural gas

28. Classifying Sedimentary Rocks

29. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Formed from the evaporation of saturated liquids
Called evaporites

30. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

31. Classifying Sedimentary Rocks

32. Organic Sedimentary Rocks
Biogenic - (bio = ?; genic = ?)

33. Organic Sedimentary Rocks
Biogenic - (bio = ?; genic = ?)
Formed from the remains of once-living things - limestone
Organisms use calcium carbonate in their shells and skeletons
When they die, they sink to the bottom.
Calcium carbonate precipitates into the water the cements the grains of carbonate sediment.

34. Organic Sedimentary Rocks

35. Organic Sedimentary Rocks
Biogenic - (bio = ?; genic = ?)
Formed from the remains of once-living plants - coal
Plants in swamps and coastal areas die are buried and compressed.
Lithified into coal
Why is it called a Fossil fuel?

36. Identifying Sedimentary Rocks

37. Identifying Sedimentary Rocks

38. Identifying Sedimentary Rocks

39. Identifying Sedimentary Rocks