1. Charles Kime & Thomas Kaminski © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Terms of Use (Hyperlinks are active in View Show mode) Terms of Use ECE/CS 352: Digital Systems Fundamentals Lecture 19 – Flip-Flops

2. Chapter 6 - Part 1 2 Overview  The latch timing problem  Master-slave flip-flop  Edge-triggered flip-flop  Standard symbols for storage elements  Direct inputs to flip-flops  Flip-flop timing

3. Chapter 6 - Part 1 3 The Latch Timing Problem  In a sequential circuit, paths may exist through combinational logic: From one latch to another From a latch back to its input (feedback path)  What if the path is very fast? E.g. just a wire or a single gate  When clock is high, latch is transparent Feedback reaches input before clock goes low Can lead to oscillating behavior

4. Chapter 6 - Part 1 4 The Latch Timing Problem (continued)  Consider the following circuit:  Suppose that initially Y = 0.  When C = 1, Y continues to change!  Inverter in feedback path causes oscillation  This behavior is clearly unacceptable.  Desired behavior: Y changes only once per clock pulse Clock Y C D Q Q Y

5. Chapter 6 - Part 1 5 The Latch Timing Problem (continued)  A solution to the latch timing problem is to break the feedback path  The commonly-used, path-breaking solutions replace the clocked D-latch with: a master-slave flip-flop an edge-triggered flip-flop

6. Chapter 6 - Part 1 6  Consists of two clocked S-R latches in series with the clock on the second latch inverted  The input is observed by the first latch when C = 1  The output is changed by the second latch with C = 0  Only one latch is transparent at any time Feedback path is blocked C S R Q Q C R Q Q C S R Q S Q S-R Master-Slave Flip-Flop

7. Chapter 6 - Part 1 7 Flip-Flop Problem  If S and/or R are change while C = 1 Short pulse is “caught” by master S/R latch  1s Catching  Not what we want or expect

8. Chapter 6 - Part 1 8 Hazards in Combinational Logic  Not all delay paths are balanced Output takes on one value, then another Ultimately it settles to “right” answer  Hazards can cause 1s catching  Example: 3-bit carry-propagate adder, S 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 S2S2 C1C1 C2C2 Unexpected Pulse in S2

9. Chapter 6 - Part 1 9 Flip-Flop Solution  Option 1: Guarantee latch inputs settled when clock high Can only use half of clock cycle to evaluate (!)  Option 2: Use edge-triggering instead of master-slave  An edge-triggered flip-flop ignores the pulse while it is at a constant level and triggers only during a transition of the clock signal  Edge-triggered flip-flops can be built directly at the electronic circuit level, or  A master-slave D flip-flop which also exhibits edge-triggered behavior can be used.

10. Chapter 6 - Part 1 10 Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop  The edge-triggered D flip-flop is the same as the master- slave D flip-flop  It can be formed by: Replacing the first clocked S-R latch with a clocked D latch or Adding a D input and inverter to a master-slave S-R flip-flop  The delay of the S-R master-slave flip-flop can be avoided since the 1s-catching behavior is not present with D replacing S and R inputs  The change of the D flip-flop output is associated with the negative edge at the end of the pulse  It is called a negative-edge triggered flip-flop C S R Q Q C Q Q C D Q D Q

11. Chapter 6 - Part 1 11 Positive-Edge Triggered D Flip-Flop  Formed by adding inverter to clock input  Q changes to the value on D applied at the positive clock edge within timing constraints to be specified  Our choice as the standard flip-flop for most sequential circuits C S R Q Q C Q Q C D Q D Q

12. Chapter 6 - Part 1 12  Master-Slave: Postponed output indicators  Edge-Triggered: Dynamic indicator Standard Symbols for Storage Elements

13. Chapter 6 - Part 1 13 Direct Inputs  At power up or at reset, all or part of a sequential circuit usually is initialized to a known state before it begins operation  This initialization is often done outside of the clocked behavior of the circuit, i.e., asynchronously.  Direct R and/or S inputs that control the state of the latches within the flip-flops are used for this initialization.  For the example flip-flop shown 0 applied to R resets the flip-flop to the 0 state 0 applied to S sets the flip-flop to the 1 state D C S R Q Q

14. Chapter 6 - Part 1 14  t s - setup time  t h - hold time  t w - clock pulse width  t px - propa- gation delay t PHL - High-to- Low t PLH - Low-to- High t pd - max (t PHL, t PLH ) t s t h t p-,min t p-,max t wH ≥ t wH,min t wL ≥ t wL,min C D Q (b) Edge-triggered (negative edge) t h t s t p-,min t p-,max t wH ≥ t wH,min t wL ≥ t wL,min C S / R Q (a) Pulse-triggered (positive pulse) Flip-Flop Timing Parameters

15. Chapter 6 - Part 1 15 Flip-Flop Timing Parameters (continued)  t s - setup time Master-slave - Equal to the width of the triggering pulse Edge-triggered - Equal to a time interval that is generally much less than the width of the triggering pulse  t h - hold time - Often equal to zero  t px - propagation delay Same parameters as for gates except Measured from clock edge that triggers the output change to the output change

16. Chapter 6 - Part 1 16 Summary  The latch timing problem  Master-slave flip-flop  Edge-triggered flip-flop  Standard symbols for storage elements  Direct inputs to flip-flops  Flip-flop timing

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