1. IONIAN REVOLT WHY? Persia took control of all Greek city- states along coast of Asia Minor in 547 BCPersia took control of all Greek city- states along coast of Asia Minor in 547 BC

2. Where? Region known as Ionia off the coast of Asia Minor, east of Greece

3. When? 499 BCE

4. What? Ionian city-states rebelled against Persian ruleIonian city-states rebelled against Persian rule –Sought aid from mainland Greece –Put up a fierce resistance to Persians Revolt defeated in 494BCERevolt defeated in 494BCE

5. Who? Only Athens and Eretria responded to Ionian plea for aid DARIUS I Persian emperor

6. BATTLE OF MARATHON Why? Darius I determined to punish Athens and Eretria for aiding Ionian rebellionDarius I determined to punish Athens and Eretria for aiding Ionian rebellion –Darius sent fleet to Greece –goal to conquer both city-states –teach Greece a lesson it would never forget

7. What? Eretria fell to PersiansEretria fell to Persians Persians enterPersians enter Where? plain of Marathon and head for Athens –Athenians debate strategy request reinforcements from Spartarequest reinforcements from Sparta –Athens had won battle

8. When? 490 BC Who? Darius (Persians) and Miltiades (Athens)Darius (Persians) and Miltiades (Athens)

9. AFTERMATH OF MARATHON Athenians saw victory at Marathon as vindication of their adoption of democratic reforms of CleisthenesAthenians saw victory at Marathon as vindication of their adoption of democratic reforms of Cleisthenes –More democratic reforms followed More elected offices opened up to demosMore elected offices opened up to demos Introduction of practice of ostracismIntroduction of practice of ostracism –To check against overly ambitious men –To make a clear-cut decision between conflicting policies advocated by different individuals Athens also embarked on huge naval construction programAthens also embarked on huge naval construction program –Financed by silver in Laurium –Resulted in fleet of 200 ships

10. A NEW ATTACK BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE:

11. A NEW ATTACK Why? Persians plan another invasion –goal of conquering entire peninsula –Led by Xerxes Greeks prepare for invasion BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE:

12. What? Where? Thermopylae was narrow pass through mountains –Who? King Leonidas of Sparta –Greek traitor –Leonidas sent most men away –Wiped out by Xerxes (Persians)

14. BATTLE OF SALAMIS: Where? When? August, 480 BC, bad news of Battle of ThermopylaeWhen? August, 480 BC, bad news of Battle of Thermopylae Athens evacuated to SalamisAthens evacuated to Salamis Where? Strait between Piraeus and Salamis Island, an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens.Where? Strait between Piraeus and Salamis Island, an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens.

15. What? –Athenians tricked Persians –Smaller, more maneuverable Athenian ships led by Who? Themistocles then destroyed Persian fleet Xerxes withdrew back to Asia MinorXerxes withdrew back to Asia Minor

16. FINAL VICTORIES: Who? Xerxes had 300,000 in GreeceXerxes had 300,000 in Greece Spartan commander Pausanias in plain below at PlataeaSpartan commander Pausanias in plain below at Plataea –Spartans achieved victory Later, Athenian navy liberated Ionian city- statesLater, Athenian navy liberated Ionian city- states Alliance of Sparta AthensAlliance of Sparta Athens

17. PROBLEMS AMONG THE GREEKS Sparta should have led an alliance designed to protect GreeceSparta should have led an alliance designed to protect Greece –But this did not happen Because Spartan army could never be gone from city for long because of danger of helot uprisingBecause Spartan army could never be gone from city for long because of danger of helot uprising –Could not therefore provide long-range military leadership required Persians still raided Asia MinorPersians still raided Asia Minor –Naval power required to handle this threat Athens therefore became the head of new Greek allianceAthens therefore became the head of new Greek alliance

18. DELIAN LEAGUE New alliance known as Delian League (478-77 BC) –Sparta created smaller alliance called Peloponnesian League Purpose of Delian League was offensive and defensive –Athens dominated decision- making process –Military commanders were all Athenians –Athens administered finances and took 50% of all loot Athens dominated the Delian League from the very start

19. EXPANSION OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY Athenian democracy continued to evolve under reforms of PericlesAthenian democracy continued to evolve under reforms of Pericles –Fundamental motivation was military necessity With rise of Athenian naval power, the military importance of rowers increasedWith rise of Athenian naval power, the military importance of rowers increased –Generally poor men who did hard physical labor for low pay under hazardous conditions –Generally were not citizens Began to pressure government for political participation and rightsBegan to pressure government for political participation and rights Their demands were ultimately granted and thereby paved the way for an expansion of democracy in AthensTheir demands were ultimately granted and thereby paved the way for an expansion of democracy in Athens

20. CIMON vs PERICLES Pericles’ most powerful rival was CimonPericles’ most powerful rival was Cimon –Successful general and talented speaker –Advocated pro-Spartan foreign policy Pericles advocated opposite policyPericles advocated opposite policy –Advocated crippling Sparta before she would take inevitable revenge on Athens Pericles Cimon

21. PERICLES WINS Cimon insulted by Spartans when he arrived to help them put down revolt by helotsCimon insulted by Spartans when he arrived to help them put down revolt by helots –Pericles used episode to work up public opinion against Cimon Cimon ultimately ostracizedCimon ultimately ostracized Pericles’ anti-Spartan orientation became official Athenian policyPericles’ anti-Spartan orientation became official Athenian policy –Athens makes alliance with Spartan enemies, Argos and Thessaly

22. VS. Spartans Athenians

23.  Even after the Persian Wars ended, the Persian threat remained.  Athens persuaded most of the city-states (except Sparta) to ally against the enemy.  This alliance became known as the Delian League b/c the treasury was made on the island of Delos.

24.  Athens provided naval and land forces while other city-states provided money and ships  Delian League succeeded in freeing Ionia from Persian rule and sweeping the Aegean free from pirates  Overseas trade expanded, and Greece grew richer.

25.  Athens gradually began to dominate other city-states  Pericles used part of the treasury to build the Parthenon.  As Athen’s trade and political influence grew, some city-states formed an alliance opposed to Athens

26.  Sparta, a long-standing Athenian rival, became the leader of the anti-Athens alliance.  Since Sparta was located in Peloponnesus, the war became known as the Peloponnesian War.

27.  Sparta’s fear and jealousy of Athens were so strong that the Spartans made a deal with the Persians to return Ionia to Persian control.  In exchange, Sparta received gold to build its own fleet  430 B.C. – a plague weakened Athens. More than 1/3 of pop. Die, including Pericles.

28.  Eventually, several allies of Athens switched sides and joined the Spartan-led alliance.  The Spartans destroyed the Athenian fleet and laid siege to Athens itself  404 B.C. – Athens surrendered.

29.  Disaster for both the winner and the loser  City-states declined in population  Fields and orchards destroyed  Unemployment led to mercenaries, or hired soldiers, in the Persian army  Greeks lost their ability to govern themselves  Forgot about common good and thought only of money.

30.  371 B.C. - A new alliance of city-states, led by Thebes overthrew the harsh incompetent Spartan rulers.  Thebans were also later overthrown.  City-states became weaker than ever.  When Macedonians threatened Greece in the 350’s B.C., the city-states were unable to resist.

31. OUTBREAK OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR Why? Hostility between Athens and SpartaWhy? Hostility between Athens and Sparta War in 459 BCWar in 459 BC –Battle of Tanagra –Spartans win but suffer horrible losses

32. ATHENS GAINS THE UPPER HAND By 457, Athens had firm control over Where? Greece Athens and Sparta sign 5 year truce in 455

33. CHANGES IN THE DELIAN LEAGUE Athens began to act unilaterallyAthens began to act unilaterally –Did not consult “allies” in Delian League Did not even hold meetings anymoreDid not even hold meetings anymore Naxos and Thasos tried to drop out of the League but Athens forced them to stayNaxos and Thasos tried to drop out of the League but Athens forced them to stay League funds began to be used exclusively for Athenian purposesLeague funds began to be used exclusively for Athenian purposes By 446, Athens had clearly transformed the League into its personal empireBy 446, Athens had clearly transformed the League into its personal empire

34. TROUBLE FOR ATHENS Argos left Athens in 451 and made alliance with SpartaArgos left Athens in 451 and made alliance with Sparta Exposed Athens to land assault by SpartaExposed Athens to land assault by Sparta Athens signs 30-year truce with SpartaAthens signs 30-year truce with Sparta

35. What? SECOND PELOPONNESIAN WAR Truce remained in force for 15 years –Why? Sparta was afraid that Athenian power and imperialistic designs would inevitably lead to attack on her allies and Sparta itself Sparta went to war again against Athens in 446 –Because of Athenian attempts to take over Corinth and Megara Athens lost everything –Because its allies used war to assert independence –Because it wasted resources on useless attack on Sicily –Because of internal turmoil after death of Pericles –Because Sparta was aided by Persia

36. SPARTAN PROBLEMS Sparta won but did not emerged unscathed –Population decimated –Broke down isolation –Left it open to corruption –city-state broke down Power struggles

37. MORE SPARTAN PROBLEMS Sparta experienced chronic manpower shortage in its armySparta experienced chronic manpower shortage in its army –Increasingly forced to rely on mercenaries No longer had a citizen armyNo longer had a citizen army Drained Sparta of economic resourcesDrained Sparta of economic resources Committed fundamental foreign policy errorsCommitted fundamental foreign policy errors –Attack on Persians in Ionia allowed creation of anti-Spartan alliance in Greece –Spartan forces defeated several times by members of alliance Slipped into the ranks of just another poor Greek city-stateSlipped into the ranks of just another poor Greek city-state

38. END OF THE GOLDEN AGE Thev Thebes then emerged as the supreme power in Greece and immediately tried to establish an empire Wasted its advantage in population and resources in a series of useless wars By 336, Thebes was completely exhausted and all of Greece was in a state of chronic decay Too weak now to defend itself against any foreign invader who decided to attack Greece Thebes