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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1
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Mass of amino acids (mg) Number of amino acids 1953 2008 20 2008 10 0 200 100 0 3
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Vesicle boundary Precursor molecules only 1 m Relative turbidity, an index of vesicle number (a) Self-assembly Time (minutes) 0.4 0.2 0 0 20 40 60 Precursor molecules plus montmorillonite clay 20 m (c) Absorption of RNA(b) Reproduction 4
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Time (billions of years ago) 10 m 30 m 5 cm Nonphotosynthetic bacteria Cyanobacteria Stromatolites Possible earliest appearance in fossil record 432 1 0 5
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 m (a) Spherical (b) Rod-shaped (c) Spiral 1 m 6
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bacterial cell wall Bacterial capsule Tonsil cell 200 nm 7
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fimbriae 1 m 8
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Flagellum Filament 20 nm Hook Motor Cell wall Rod Peptidoglycan layer Plasma membrane 9
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory membrane 0.2 m 1 m Thylakoid membranes (a) Aerobic prokaryote(b) Photosynthetic prokaryote 11
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Plasmids 1 m Chromosome 12
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 m Heterocyst Photosynthetic cells 13
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Phage infects bacterial donor cell with A and B alleles. Incorporation of phage DNA creates recombinant cell with genotype A B . Phage DNA is replicated and proteins synthesized. Fragment of DNA with A allele is packaged within a phage capsid. Phage with A allele infects bacterial recipient cell. Recombinant cell Recipient cell Crossing over Donor cell A B − A − B − AA AA AA BB A B Phage DNA 5 432 1 14
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sex pilus 1 m 15
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 432 1 One strand of F cell plasmid DNA breaks at arrowhead. Bacterial chromosome Bacterial chromosome F plasmid Mating bridge F cell (donor) F − cell (recipient) F cell F cell Broken strand peels off and enters F − cell. Recipient cell is now a recombinant F cell. Donor and recipient cells synthesize complementary DNA strands. 16
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. UNIVERSAL ANCESTOR Domain Eukarya Gram-positive bacteria Cyanobacteria Spirochetes Chlamydias Proteobacteria Nanoarchaeotes Crenarchaeotes Euryarchaeotes Korarchaeotes Eukaryotes Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria 17
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 m 20
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Seedlings growing in the lab Soil treatment Uptake of K by plants (mg) Strain 1Strain 2 Strain 3No bacteria 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 21
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 m 23
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) (b) 24
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